ORGANIZATION AND METHODOLOGY OF BREAST, CERVICAL AND COLORECTAL CANCER SCREENING: THE KAZAKHSTAN EXPERIENCE

Abstract

This scientific and analytical study examines the epidemiological patterns of cervical, breast, and colorectal cancer in the regions of the country, with particular emphasis on incidence and mortality rates and their regional variation. The study provides a comprehensive assessment of the current state of cancer screening and prevention, including the screening approaches used for the early detection of these malignancies in clinically asymptomatic populations. Particular attention is given to the organization and implementation of population-based screening programs, the target populations, screening intervals, diagnostic methods, and the subsequent management of individuals with abnormal screening results. The analysis also considers the role of screening in reducing the burden of malignant neoplasms through early detection and timely referral for further diagnostic evaluation and treatment. The study presents detailed, step-by-step algorithms for the organization and implementation of screening for cervical, breast, and colorectal cancer, outlining the principal stages from identification and invitation of eligible individuals to primary screening, additional diagnostic procedures, confirmation of the diagnosis, and appropriate follow-up. The diagnostic capabilities and practical significance of the screening methods currently applied are described, with particular emphasis on their potential for detecting precancerous conditions and early-stage malignancies before the onset of clinical symptoms. The findings highlight the importance of a systematic, evidence-based approach to cancer screening and demonstrate the potential of well-organized preventive programs to improve early detection, facilitate timely treatment, and ultimately contribute to reductions in cancer-related incidence and mortality