Interdisciplinary Science Studies

ДЕНДРОХРОНОЛОГИЯ КАК ИНСТРУМЕНТ ОЦЕНКИ СОСТОЯНИЯ ЛЕСНЫХ ЭКОСИСТЕМ СЕВЕРНОГО КАЗАХСТАНА

Абилова Ш.Б. — 2026-03-30

В статье рассматриваются методологические возможности дендрохронологического анализа для оценки динамики радиального прироста хвойных пород в лесостепной зоне Северного Казахстана. На основе анализа научной литературы и результатов полевых исследований, выполненных в пяти филиалах Государственного национального природного парка «Кокшетау» (Зерендинский, Арыбалыкский, Шалкарский, Айыртауский, Орманды-Булак), показано, что годичные кольца деревьев являются надёжными индикаторами климатических изменений и антропогенного воздействия. Подробно изложены основные этапы дендрохронологического исследования: отбор кернов приростным буравом Пресслера, подготовка образцов, кросс-датировка, измерение ширины колец на комплексе LINTAB-6, стандартизация хронологий с использованием программ TSAP-Win и ARSTAN. Приведены статистические параметры построенных хронологий (средняя чувствительность, межсерийная корреляция, выраженный популяционный сигнал EPS), подтверждающие их высокое качество и пригодность для климатических реконструкций. Обоснована необходимость создания региональной базы древесно-кольцевых хронологий как основы для долгосрочного мониторинга устойчивости лесных экосистем Казахстана.

From Genome Editing to Synthetic Life: New Principles for Programmable Cellular Engineering

David Aphkhazava — 2026-03-30

Programmable cellular engineering has emerged as a transformative paradigm in modern life sciences, bridging the gap between precise genome editing and the construction of synthetic biological systems. This article examines the conceptual and technological transition from conventional gene modification approaches toward the design of cells with programmable, adaptive, and potentially synthetic functionalities. It focuses on the integration of genome editing, genetic code expansion, synthetic regulatory circuits, and directed evolution as foundational tools for engineering biological systems with predictable behavior. Particular attention is given to how these strategies enable the reprogramming of cellular identity, the redesign of metabolic and signaling pathways, and the development of novel therapeutic platforms. The study further explores the implications of synthetic life concepts for biotechnology, regenerative medicine, immunotherapy, and biosecurity. By outlining new principles of controllability, modularity, evolvability, and biosafety, this work proposes a framework for the next generation of programmable cellular systems. The convergence of genome engineering and synthetic biology is thus presented not only as a technical progression, but as a fundamental shift in how life can be understood, designed, and applied.

THE STRUCTURAL AND SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF THE LITERARY TEXT

Gerok-Yerzhanova Oxana — 2026-03-30

The literary text has been analysed from the viewpoint of various categories, including the analytical and interpretational elements. Meanwhile, the semantic characteristics as well as the structural aspects are considered the essential ones for reflecting the rare and unique features of the author. When analyzing the text, the reader is able to define the method of characterization, the peculiar narrative style, explicit and implicit lexical patterns, and specific syntactical structures.

The following fragments comprise the variety of activities based on the short story “The Canterville Ghost” by Oscar Wilde. The activities focus on the comprehensive analysis of the fiction for the 2^nd –year students (Intermediate Level).

The Role of Vocabulary Games in Second Language Acquisition Across Bloom's Revised Taxonomy

Hasanova Vusala Farrukh — 2026-03-30

Background: Vocabulary acquisition is widely recognised as a cornerstone of second language development, yet classroom instruction continues to rely heavily on decontextualised methods — translation lists, fill-in-the-blank drills, and rote memorisation — whose limitations are well-established in the second language acquisition (SLA) literature. Methods: This article synthesises four converging theoretical frameworks — Craik and Lockhart's depth-of-processing model, Krashen's Input and Affective Filter Hypotheses, Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development, and Hulstijn and Laufer's involvement load hypothesis — and maps six classroom vocabulary games systematically onto Anderson et al.'s Bloom's Revised Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. Each game is described in practical terms and analysed with respect to its cognitive demands, affective profile, and acquisition-theoretic justification. Results: The analysis demonstrates that the six games — Concentration, Word Association Chains, Taboo, Odd One Out, Vocabulary Auction, and Story Chain — address all six levels of Bloom's Revised Taxonomy (Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyse, Evaluate, Create) and collectively create the rich, repeated, emotionally engaged encounters with target vocabulary that the SLA literature consistently identifies with durable acquisition. Conclusion: When selected diagnostically and organised through Bloom's Revised Taxonomy, vocabulary games constitute a complete, theoretically grounded instructional pathway from first encounter to independent productive use — not a pedagogical supplement, but a primary instructional necessity.

EDUCATING LEADERS IN AN INTERCONNECTED WORLD: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY VISION

Milka Petrova — 2026-03-30

The contemporary world is characterized by unprecedented dynamism, driven by processes of globalization, digitalization, and the intensive exchange of information. The advancement of technologies, increasing mobility, and the growing interdependence among social, economic, and cultural systems are shaping a new reality in which the boundaries between distinct fields of knowledge are gradually becoming blurred. This interconnectedness gives rise to complex challenges that cannot be adequately understood or addressed through one-sided, strictly disciplinary approaches. In this context, the role of leadership is undergoing a profound transformation. The leader is no longer merely a holder of authority or managerial functions, but rather a mediator between different systems, cultures, and perspectives. Effective leadership requires the ability to integrate diverse forms of knowledge, adapt to rapidly changing conditions, and operate within networked environments where interactions are multilayered and nonlinear.
Traditional models of leadership education, based on isolated disciplinary frameworks, are increasingly proving insufficient in preparing future leaders for this complex reality. There is a clear need for new educational approaches that reflect the interconnected nature of the contemporary world and foster holistic thinking, critical awareness, and the ability to synthesize knowledge from diverse fields.
In this regard, the interdisciplinary approach emerges as a key instrument for developing relevant leadership competencies. It offers the opportunity to overcome the fragmentation of knowledge and to create integrated models of education that respond to the real demands of today’s social and professional environment

DIGITAL SERVICES IN KAZAKHSTAN’S HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY: ENHANCING CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE AND INTEGRATING TOURISM WITH THE CREATIVE ECONOMY

D.B. Mussayeva — 2026-03-30

This article examines the impact of digital services on customer experience in Kazakhstan’s hospitality industry. The study’s relevance is driven by the rapid adoption of digital technologies in hotels. The aim is to assess how digital services influence customer satisfaction and service quality. The research methods include literature review, comparative analysis, and analysis of online reviews. The results show that digital services significantly enhance customer experience and improve operational efficiency. The article provides practical recommendations for developing digital transformation in the hospitality sector.

Қазақстан Республикасында әйелдер кәсіпкерлігін қолдау: дамыту механизмдері мен трансформациялау

Kaikenova Aizada Anuarbekovna — 2026-03-30

Қазақстан Республикасында әйелдер кәсіпкерлігін дамыту қазіргі экономикалық саясаттың басым бағыттарының бірі болып табылады. Әйелдердің кәсіпкерлік қызметке белсенді қатысуы экономиканың әртараптануына, жаңа жұмыс орындарының құрылуына және әлеуметтік тұрақтылықтың қамтамасыз етілуіне ықпал етеді. Осы мақалада әйелдер кәсіпкерлігінің қазіргі жағдайы, оның даму тенденциялары, институционалдық және қаржылық қолдау механизмдері, сондай-ақ трансформациялау бағыттары кешенді түрде қарастырылады.

Зерттеу нәтижелері Қазақстанда әйелдер шағын және орта бизнес субъектілерінің шамамен 45–48%-ын құрайтынын көрсетеді. Сонымен қатар, әйелдер кәсіпкерлігінің жалпы ішкі өнімге қосқан үлесі 14–15% шамасында бағаланады. Дегенмен, қаржыландыруға қолжетімділіктің шектеулі болуы, гендерлік стереотиптердің сақталуы және цифрлық дағдылардың жеткіліксіздігі әйелдер кәсіпкерлігінің дамуын тежейтін негізгі факторлар болып табылады.

Мақалада ұсынылған трансформациялық модель әйелдер кәсіпкерлігін қолдаудың кешенді жүйесін қалыптастыруға бағытталған.

THE IMPACT OF CROSS-CULTURAL DIFFERENCES ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COLLEGE TEACHER TEAM COLLABORATION

Song Meili — 2026-03-30

The education system is undergoing significant changes related to the processes of globalization, internationalization of the labor market and increased academic mobility. In this regard, colleges are becoming centers of intensive intercultural interaction, where teachers from different countries and regions join professional teams. Cultural diversity in teaching staff is not only a natural characteristic of the educational environment, but also an important factor affecting the quality of communication, role allocation, managerial decision-making and the overall effectiveness of professional activities.

Despite the growing interest in issues of intercultural communication and collaboration among educators, there are still significant gaps in the scientific literature.

Firstly, it is not well understood how cultural differences manifest themselves in the daily professional activities of college teachers. Many studies focus on the university environment, ignoring the specifics of colleges, where communication and coordination of actions are more practical and cooperative.

Secondly, few studies have been devoted to comparing the intercultural characteristics of teachers in countries with different educational systems and historical traditions.

Thirdly, there is a lack of comprehensive research linking the cultural attitudes of teachers with the effectiveness of their professional cooperation, including the allocation of responsibilities, methods of interaction, conflict resolution mechanisms and the perception of colleagues.

VERTICAL INTEGRATION AND MULTI-SOURCING: A CAUSAL ANALYSIS OF BYD’S STRATEGY ON PROCUREMENT COSTS AND SUPPLY CHAIN RESILIENCE

Yu Guangmin — 2026-03-30

In the context of global competition and the rapid development of technology companies operating in the field of high-tech production, problems arise with the need to optimize procurement costs and ensure the sustainability of supply chains. One example of a successful strategy in this area is BYD, which is actively developing a vertically integrated model and combining it using multiple external sources. This approach allows not only to improve control over key components, but also to reduce the system's dependence on individual sources, and create a more flexible and sustainable supply chain. BYD's strategic decision analysis is relevant because the company has a high growth rate of the global electric vehicle and battery technology market, and its supply chain management model is becoming a benchmark for other manufacturers.

The relevance of the study has led to the need for a deeper understanding of how vertical integration in the United Kingdom with many source purchases can optimize costs, increase the stability of supply chains and reduce the risks associated with market instability. In the context of geopolitical uncertainty, rising prices for raw materials and the study of logistical factors thus become a prerequisite for the development of industrial policy, procurement managers and supervision in the field of management management.

Estimating the dynamic relationship between Energy Use, Economic activity and CO2 emission by using a Panel ARDL Model on a few SADC country member

Tojonirina RANAIVOSON — 2026-03-30

This paper investigates both the dynamic and long-run relationships between CO₂ emissions, energy consumption, and economic activity using a Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, in which CO₂ emissions are specified as the dependent variable. To examine the direction of causality among the variables, the Granger causality test is employed. The estimation is conducted using the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) method on panel data comprising eight Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries over the period 1990–2014.

The empirical results reveal a significant causal relationship running from economic activity and energy consumption to CO₂ emissions during the study period. The long-run coefficients are all statistically significant at the 1% level, indicating the existence of a cointegration relationship among the variables. Since the variables are expressed in logarithmic form, the estimated coefficients can be interpreted as elasticities. Notably, CO₂ emissions respond negatively to GDP, suggesting environmental deterioration associated with increased economic activity.

Furthermore, the error correction term is negative and statistically significant, as expected. The estimated speed of adjustment indicates that approximately 73% of any deviation from the long-run equilibrium is corrected within each period

INVENTORY MANAGEMENT: CONCEPTS, MODELS AND STRATEGIES

Wang Run — 2026-03-30

Inventory management is one of the key functions of logistics and strategic enterprise management, which has a direct impact on the efficiency of production and commercial processes. In a modern economy characterized by high demand dynamics, globalized markets, and accelerated technological transformation, ensuring optimal inventory levels is becoming a critical factor in companies' competitiveness.

The scientific novelty of this study lies in the comprehensive consideration of concepts, models and strategies of inventory management with an emphasis on their adaptation to modern economic conditions, including the integration of digital technologies and forecasting tools.

The theoretical significance of the work lies in the systematization of existing approaches to inventory management, the analysis of their advantages and disadvantages, as well as in the development of proposals for optimizing models. This makes it possible to expand the scientific understanding of the mechanisms for forming an effective inventory management policy.

The practical significance of the research lies in the possibility of applying the results obtained to increase the efficiency of enterprises, reduce costs, minimize the risks of shortage or excess of inventory, as well as improve the quality of customer service.

The purpose of the study is to identify and analyze modern concepts, models, and strategies for inventory management, determine their applicability in various economic conditions, and offer recommendations for improving the effectiveness of inventory management policies at enterprises. The relevance of the topic is due to the growing demands on the efficiency, flexibility and accuracy of inventory management in conditions of unstable demand and global competition.

Within the framework of this work, the following tasks were solved to achieve this goal:

The review of existing concepts and models of inventory management is carried out.

Strategic approaches to inventory formation are analyzed.

Key factors affecting the effectiveness of inventory management have been identified.

Examples of practical application of various models and strategies of inventory management are considered.

Recommendations for optimizing inventory management processes have been developed.

The research allowed us to systematize theoretical knowledge in the field of inventory management and propose practical solutions aimed at improving the efficiency of modern enterprises.

АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЕМ

Кушербаев Азамат Кайратович — 2026-03-30

В современных условиях рыночной экономики в основе успешной деятельности любой компании в нашей стране лежит повышение эффективности управления. Существует множество способов повышения эффективности менеджмента. Их объектами могут выступать руководитель, личные и профессиональные качества управленцев, элементы управленческой деятельности. Работа в области повышения эффективности управления организации может быть начата с любого ее элемента, т. е. с наиболее актуального для предприятия. Необходимо только учитывать взаимосвязь элементов системы управления друг с другом.

МАРКЕТИНГОВЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ КАК ИНСТРУМЕНТ СТРАТЕГИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ ХОЛДИНГА BI GROUP: ЦИФРОВЫЕ ТРЕНДЫ И ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ

Галимжанов Асхат Галимжанович — 2026-03-30

В настоящем отчете анализируются современные методы маркетинговых исследований, применяемые крупнейшим строительным холдингом Казахстана — BI Group. Рассматривается трансформация подходов к изучению потребительского поведения под влиянием цифровизации, нейронаук и актуальных трендов 2025–2026 годов. Особое внимание уделено влиянию киберпсихологии, инструментам анализа больших данных (Big Data) и стратегическому формированию «экономики доверия» в секторе девелопмента.

СТРАТЕГИЧЕСКИЕ ПРЕИМУЩЕСТВА BI GROUP НА РЫНКЕ ЖИЛИЩНОГО СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА ГОРОДА КАРАГАНДЫ: АНАЛИЗ И РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ

Муканова Арайлым — 2026-03-30

Статья посвящена анализу стратегических преимуществ BI Group на рынке жилищного строительства города Караганды и выявлению факторов, определяющих конкурентные позиции компании в региональной среде. На основе теоретических подходов стратегического менеджмента, а также данных о состоянии рынка недвижимости, структуре спроса и поведении потребителей сформированы ключевые направления стратегического развития девелопера. Исследование демонстрирует, что устойчивость BI Group обеспечивается сочетанием технологических, финансовых и репутационных преимуществ, однако эффективная реализация потенциала требует адаптации продуктовой и ценовой политики к структуре локального спроса. Полученные результаты подтверждают актуальность стратегической трансформации компании в условиях высокой конкуренции и насыщенности рынка

Brand Value and Financial Results: A Comparative Review of Apple and Samsung

Khuraman Akbarova Ingilab — 2026-03-30

This study examines the relationship between brand value and financial performance through a comparative review of Apple and Samsung, two leading global technology companies. Brand value, as a critical intangible asset, significantly affects consumer perception, competitive positioning, and overall financial outcomes. Apple and Samsung, despite operating in the same industry, employ distinct branding strategies: Apple emphasizes premium pricing, innovation, and emotional connection with customers, while Samsung focuses on technological leadership, product diversity, and global accessibility. This research aims to analyze how these brand strategies translate into financial results, including revenue, profitability, market capitalization, and shareholder value. Using a combination of secondary data analysis, including annual reports, brand valuation reports, and financial databases, this study explores the correlation between brand strength and financial performance over a ten-year period. The findings are expected to provide valuable insights for academics, brand managers, and investors, demonstrating the strategic importance of brand value in driving sustainable financial success in highly competitive markets.

SUSTAINABLE INTERNATIONAL MARKETING MODEL CONSTRUCTION FOR OPPO IN THE GLOBAL SMARTPHONE INDUSTRY

Qiao Yi — 2026-03-30

With the rapid iteration of the global smartphone industry and the deepening of sustainable development concepts, the industry competition pattern has changed profoundly. As a core player in the global smartphone market, OPPO has achieved remarkable international expansion results but faces challenges such as fierce market competition, regional demand differences, and the balance of commercial interests and sustainable development goals. This study takes OPPO’s international marketing as the research object, adopts literature research, case analysis, questionnaire survey and data analysis methods, and combines sustainable marketing theory, international marketing theory and STP theory to analyze its current marketing situation, existing problems and root causes, and construct a targeted sustainable international marketing model. The research finds that OPPO has advantages in product innovation, brand influence and channel layout, but has obvious deficiencies in sustainable product R&D, localized marketing adaptation, green marketing practice and sustainable brand building. Based on this, a four-module sustainable international marketing model (product sustainability, marketing localization, green marketing, brand sustainability) is constructed, and corresponding implementation strategies are proposed. This study provides practical guidance for OPPO to enhance its global sustainable competitiveness, offers references for other Chinese smartphone enterprises, and enriches the research on sustainable marketing in the global smartphone industry.

RESEARCH ON THE OPTIMIZATION OF CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT OF J SUPERMARKET IN INNER MONGOLIA BASED ON BIG DATA TECHNOLOGY

Jiang Jialing — 2026-03-30

In the context of digital transformation in the retail industry, big data technology has become a core driving force for optimizing Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and enhancing the competitive advantages of regional supermarkets. Taking J Supermarket, a typical regional supermarket in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, as the research object, this study aims to address the prominent problems in its current CRM, such as fragmented customer data, imprecise customer segmentation, and inefficient personalized service. By adopting a mixed research method combining qualitative and quantitative approaches, including literature research, on-site investigation, questionnaire survey, in-depth interview, and data statistical analysis, this study systematically explores the optimization path of J Supermarket’s CRM based on big data technology. The research constructs a big data-driven CRM optimization framework covering four core modules: multi-source data integration, precision customer segmentation, personalized marketing service, and intelligent customer lifecycle management. The key findings show that J Supermarket’s existing CRM has deficiencies in data integration capability, customer insight depth, and service personalization level, while big data technologies such as data mining, customer profiling, and machine learning can effectively improve the efficiency and accuracy of its CRM. Specifically, the optimized CRM model can increase customer segmentation accuracy by 42%, personalized marketing response rate by 35%, and customer retention rate by 28%. This study not only provides practical guidance for J Supermarket to enhance customer satisfaction and loyalty, but also offers a replicable reference for the CRM optimization of similar regional supermarkets in ethnic minority areas. Theoretically, it enriches the research on the application of big data technology in the CRM field of regional retail enterprises, and expands the theoretical boundary of CRM in ethnic minority regional contexts.

Commercial Bank Risk Management: Practices and Challenges in Central Asia — A Case Study of Kazakhstan

Cheng Jun — 2026-03-30

Against the backdrop of accelerating global change and mounting economic uncertainty, financial stability has emerged as a fundamental prerequisite for sustainable economic development. As the core component of the financial system, commercial banks’ risk management capabilities directly determine the stability and sound operation of the entire financial system. The 2008 global financial crisis exposed numerous deficiencies in risk management practices within the international banking industry, prompting the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision to formulate Basel III. This framework aims to enhance the quality of bank capital, introduce liquidity regulatory standards, and strengthen the macroprudential regulatory architecture.

Central Asia occupies a pivotal position in the Belt and Road Initiative, and the stability and development of its financial markets carry substantial significance for regional economic cooperation. As the largest economy in Central Asia, Kazakhstan’s banking sector risk management practices exert an important demonstrative effect on neighboring countries. According to statistics from the National Bank of Kazakhstan, as of early 2025, the country was home to 22 commercial banks with total banking assets of approximately USD 57.6 billion, accounting for more than 60% of GDP. Therefore, an investigation into risk management practices among commercial banks in Kazakhstan carries important theoretical and practical implications for understanding financial stability in Central Asia and advancing regional economic cooperation.

Cross-Cultural Management Practices and Challenges in Kazakhstan’s Energy Industry: A Dual Case Study of Power China and Sinopec

Cheng Che — 2026-03-30

Since its inception in 2013, the Belt and Road Initiative has evolved into a pivotal framework facilitating global energy cooperation and infrastructure connectivity. As the inaugural country of the Initiative, Kazakhstan holds substantial strategic importance for China’s outward-looking energy strategy, endowed with proven oil reserves of approximately 30 billion barrels (ranking 12th globally) and natural gas reserves of 2.4 trillion cubic meters. By the end of 2023, more than 2,000 Chinese-invested enterprises had established operations in Kazakhstan, among which energy-related companies constituted the largest segment, including central state-owned enterprises such as CNPC, Sinopec and PowerChina, as well as a number of active private enterprises. Nevertheless, the performance and sustainability of cross-border energy projects are highly contingent upon effective cross-cultural management. Existing studies indicate that nearly 70 percent of cross-border mergers and acquisitions fail primarily due to inadequate cultural integration, underscoring the urgency of conducting systematic research on cross-cultural management practices in this context.

Cultural disparities between China and Kazakhstan exert multifaceted impacts on the operation of energy projects. Divergent perceptions of power distance often lead to frictions in decision-making speed and hierarchical coordination; discrepancies between high-context and low-context communication styles tend to result in information distortion and misinterpretation; and differences in work ethics further impede team collaboration and operational efficiency. Through a comparative dual-case analysis of PowerChina’s “Five Integrations, One Harmony” model and Sinopec’s coverage-oriented strategy, this study identifies critical success factors in cross-cultural management, with the aim of providing both theoretical insights and practical implications for Chinese energy enterprises engaged in transnational operations.

Growth and Challenges of New Energy Projects: Practices and Challenges in Central Asia — A Case Study of Kazakhstan

Wang Liang — 2026-03-30

Against the backdrop of increasingly severe global climate change, energy transition has become a critical path to achieving sustainable development. The signing of the Paris Agreement and the adoption of carbon neutrality targets by various countries signify a profound transformation in the global energy landscape. As a key node of the Belt and Road Initiative, Central Asia is endowed with abundant wind, solar and hydropower resources, offering huge potential for the development of new energy projects.

As the largest economy in Central Asia, Kazakhstan’s progress in new energy development exerts an important demonstrative effect on the entire region. According to data from the Ministry of Energy of Kazakhstan, by the end of 2025, the installed capacity of renewable energy in Kazakhstan reached approximately 3.5 gigawatts, and renewable energy accounted for 7% of the country’s total power generation, a notable increase from 3% in 2020. The government of Kazakhstan has set ambitious goals: to increase the share of renewable energy to 50% by 2050 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. Therefore, researching the growth and challenges of new energy projects in Kazakhstan is of important theoretical and practical value for promoting green energy development in Central Asia.

RƏQƏMSAL REKLAM KAMPANİYALARININ EFFEKTİVLİYİNİN ANALİZİ

Şövqü Seyfəddinov — 2026-03-30

Bu məqalədə rəqəmsal reklam kampaniyalarının effektivliyinin qiymətləndirilməsi metodları, müasir analitika alətləri və marketinq strategiyalarının optimallaşdırılması məsələləri təhlil edilmişdir. Mövzunun aktuallığı qlobal iqtisadiyyatda rəqəmsallaşma sürətinin artması və şirkətlərin reklam büdcələrindən maksimum gəlir (ROI) əldə etmək ehtiyacı ilə əsaslandırılmışdır. Tədqiqatın məqsədi müxtəlif platformalar üzrə həyata keçirilən rəqəmsal reklamların (sosial media, axtarış sistemləri, proqrammatik reklamlar) performansını ölçmək üçün istifadə olunan əsas göstəriciləri (KPI) müəyyənləşdirmək və effektivliyin artırılması yollarını tədqiq etməkdir. Tədqiqat obyekti kimi müasir rəqəmsal reklam platformaları və istifadəçi davranışlarının analizi götürülmüş, əhatə etdiyi dövr isə rəqəmsal marketinqin transformasiyasından müasir süni intellekt əsaslı analitika dövrünə qədər olan mərhələni əhatə etmişdir.

Məqalədə müqayisəli təhlil, sistemli yanaşma, elmi ədəbiyyatın araşdırılması və keys-stadi (praktik nümunələr) metodlarından istifadə edilmişdir. Analizlər nəticəsində məlumatlara əsaslanan (data-driven) qərarların reklamın hədəf kütləsinə çatmasında və büdcə itkisinin qarşısının alınmasında rolu izah edilmişdir. Həmçinin, Azərbaycanın rəqəmsal reklam bazarının mövcud vəziyyəti, yerli şirkətlərin rəqəmsal kanallardan istifadə səviyyəsi və ölçülə bilən marketinq strategiyalarının tətbiqi perspektivləri araşdırılmışdır. Aparılan tədqiqat göstərir ki, rəqəmsal reklam kampaniyalarının effektivliyini artırmaq üçün yalnız klik sayına deyil, konversiya dərəcəsi və müştəri loyallığı kimi dərin analitik göstəricilərə fokuslanmaq zəruridir. Sonda rəqəmsal mühitdə reklam performansının optimallaşdırılması üçün analitik bacarıqların inkişaf etdirilməsi və avtomatlaşdırılmış idarəetmə sistemlərinin tətbiqi tövsiyə olunur.

Институциональные аспекты аудита эффективности управления государственным долгом в Республике Казахстан

Сапарханов Н.Ж. — 2026-03-30

В данной статье исследуется трансформация государственного аудита в контексте управления государственным долгом. Автор анализирует переход от традиционного финансового контроля к аудиту эффективности (Performance Audit), базируясь на опыте Высшей аудиторской палаты Республики Казахстан (ВАП РК). Рассматриваются ключевые показатели долговой устойчивости, влияние макроэкономических шоков на структуру портфеля и внедрение международных стандартов ISSAI 5410. Особое внимание уделено дефициту бюджета и роли аудита в предотвращении долговых ловушек.

МЕКТЕПТЕ ФИЗИКАНЫ ОҚЫТУДА ОҚУШЫЛАРДЫҢ ФУНКЦИОНАЛДЫҚ САУАТТЫЛЫҒЫН ДАМЫТУ

Рахымбеков Айтбай Жапарович — 2026-03-30

Бұл мақалада жалпы білім беретін мектептердегі білім беру жүйесінің басты мақсаттарының бірі – функционалдық сауатты тұлғаны қалыптастыру екені көзделген. Мақалада мұндай тұлға зияткерлік тұрғыдан дамыған, рухани бай, дене жағынан жетілген және қоғамда өз орнын таба алатын азамат ретінде сипатталатыны негізделген

ИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯЛАРДЫ ҚОЛДАНУ АРҚЫЛЫ ФИЗИКАНЫ ОҚЫТУДЫҢ САПАСЫН АРТТЫРУИННОВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯЛАРДЫ ҚОЛДАНУ АРҚЫЛЫ ФИЗИКАНЫ ОҚЫТУДЫҢ САПАСЫН АРТТЫРУ

Рахымбеков Айтбай Жапарович — 2026-03-30

Бұл мақалада мектептегі оқушыларға инновация ұғымын дұрыс түсіну үшін оны «жаңалық» ұғымымен салыстыра қарастыру маңызды екені және жаңалық – бұл ғылыми зерттеулердің, тәжірибелік жұмыстардың немесе шығармашылық ізденістердің нәтижесінде алынған жаңа өнім, әдіс немесе идея. Ал инновация осы жаңалықтың нақты практикада қолданылып, тиімділік беруі

АҚПАРАТТЫҚ-КОММУНИКАЦИЯЛЫҚ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ ҚҰРАЛДАРЫМЕН ФИЗИКАЛЫҚ ПРОЦЕСТЕРДІ МОДЕЛЬДЕУ

Рахымбеков Айтбай Жапарович — 2026-03-30

Бұл мақалада мектептегі оқушыларға физиканың ең күрделі бөлімдері электрондық оқулықтар, виртуалды зертханалар, мультимедиялық ресурстар және интернет материалдары физикалық құбылыстарды көрнекі түрде түсіндіруге мүмкіндік беретіні көрсетілген. Мақалада мұндай тәсіл оқушылардың тек дайын білімді қабылдауын ғана емес, оны тәжірибе жүзінде түсініп, зерттеу дағдыларын дамытуына мүмкіндік беретіні негізделген

АСҚЫН ӨТКІЗГІШТІКТІ ОҚЫТУДЫҢ ЕРЕКШЕЛІКТЕРІ

Рахымбеков Айтбай Жапарович — 2026-03-30

Мақалада жоғары оқу орындарында оқытудың андрагогиялық моделін қолдану қажеттілігі негізделеді. Өмірлік және кәсіби тәжірибесі, сондай-ақ білім беру қызметі тәжірибесі бар ересек адамдардың жоғары оқу орындарына түсу себептері қарастырылды. Университеттің білім беру процесін ұйымдастырудағы осы ерекшеліктерді ескеру оқытушылардың андрагогиялық құзыреттіліктерін дамытудың негізі болып табылады

Ақпараттық технологиялар арқылы оқушылардың физикаға қызығушылығын арттыру

Казахбаева Данакуль Мукажановна — 2026-03-30

Мақалада жоғары оқу орындарында жаңа ақпараттық технологияның басты тиімділігі – бұл мұғалімге физика сабақтарындағы оқу үрдісін түбегейлі өзгертуге, оқытудағы пәнаралық байланысты күшейте отырып, оқушылардың дүниетанымдарын кеңейтуге және қабілеттерін көре біліп, оны дамытуға толық жағдай жасауы анық көрсетілген

Robust Pharmacokinetic Parameter Estimation via Differentiable ODE Solvers with Physics-Informed Optimization

Gao Yu — 2026-03-30

This paper presents a differentiable ODE solver framework for robust parameter estimation in a two-compartment pharmacokinetic (PK) model with first-order absorption. Five model parameters are estimated from noisy concentration–time data using a PyTorch-based fourth-order Runge–Kutta (RK4) solver with sigmoid-bounded constraints and adaptive weighted regularization. A comprehensive Monte Carlo evaluation with 50 independent noise realizations at each of five noise levels (1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) provides statistically rigorous performance assessment. The proposed method is compared against Levenberg–Marquardt (LM), Differential Evolution (DE), and Gauss–Seidel (GS) algorithms. Results demonstrate that the differentiable solver approach achieves the lowest median average relative error at noise levels ≥10%, with a median ARE of 8.42% at 10% noise compared to 47.63% (LM), 12.18% (DE), and 68.91% (GS). At 20% noise, the proposed method maintains a median ARE of 29.15%, outperforming all baselines. The Monte Carlo framework reveals that classical methods exhibit high variance and frequent catastrophic failures, while the proposed approach provides consistent, reliable estimates across diverse noise realizations.

Исследование характеристик сгорания и повышение эффективности двигателя внутреннего сгорания за счет модернизации топливной системы под альтернативные виды топлива

Shogzhanova Meruyert Bolatovna — 2026-03-30

В современных условиях глобального энергетического перехода и ужесточения экологических требований проблема повышения эффективности двигателей внутреннего сгорания (ДВС) приобретает особую актуальность. Несмотря на активное развитие электрического транспорта, ДВС продолжают занимать значительную долю в транспортной системе большинства стран, включая Казахстан. При этом традиционные виды топлива сопровождаются высоким уровнем выбросов загрязняющих веществ, что оказывает негативное влияние на окружающую среду и здоровье населения.

Настоящее исследование направлено на комплексный анализ характеристик сгорания и разработку путей повышения эффективности ДВС за счёт модернизации топливной системы под альтернативные виды топлива. В работе рассматриваются процессы смесеобразования, воспламенения и сгорания топлива, а также влияние альтернативных топлив на основные эксплуатационные показатели двигателя.

Полученные результаты показывают, что модернизация топливной системы позволяет существенно повысить тепловой коэффициент полезного действия двигателя, снизить расход топлива и уменьшить уровень вредных выбросов. Данное исследование имеет научную новизну и практическую значимость в области транспортной инженерии и устойчивого развития.

ŞƏHƏR TULLANTILARININ AĞILLI IDARƏ OLUNMASINDA IOT ƏSASLI SENSOR SISTEMLƏRININ TƏTBIQI VƏ OPTIMALLAŞDIRILMASI

Banuçiçək Nuriyeva — 2026-03-30

Bu məqalədə şəhər tullantılarının ağıllı idarə olunması üçün IoT (İnternet of Things) əsaslı sensor sistemlərinin tətbiqi və optimallaşdırılması mövzusu araşdırılmışdır. Müasir şəhərlərdə əhali sayının artması və tullantı həcminin çoxalması ənənəvi tullantı toplama üsullarının səmərəsizliyini ortaya qoyur və həm iqtisadi, həm də ekoloji problemlərə səbəb olur.

Məqalədə, tullantıların real vaxtda monitorinqi üçün sensor şəbəkələrinin yerləşdirilməsi, məlumatların mərkəzləşdirilmiş işlənməsi və optimal toplama marşrutlarının hesablanması üsulları təhlil edilmişdir. Tədqiqatda IoT sensorları vasitəsilə tullantı konteynerlərinin doluluq səviyyələrinin avtomatik izlənməsi və məlumatların mərkəzi serverdə təhlili metodları tətbiq edilmiş, nəticədə tullantı toplama prosesinin vaxtı və xərcləri azaldılmışdır.

Əldə olunan nəticələr göstərir ki, IoT əsaslı sistemlər tullantı toplama səmərəliliyini artırır, enerji sərfiyyatını azaldır və idarəetmədə operativ qərar qəbulunu asanlaşdırır. Məqalə həmçinin gələcəkdə ağıllı şəhər ekosistemlərinə inteqrasiya imkanlarını və sistemin ekoloji və iqtisadi faydalarını müzakirə edir. Bu tədqiqat həm şəhər tullantı idarəetmə sistemlərinin inkişafına töhfə verir, həm də ağıllı şəhər texnologiyalarının tətbiqi sahəsində praktik tövsiyələr təqdim edir.

DevOps Praktikalarının IT Sistemlərinin Performansına Təsiri

Əhmədov Zakir Rövşən oğlu — 2026-03-30

Bu tədqiqat DevOps praktikalarının informasiya texnologiyaları sistemlərinin performans göstəricilərinə təsirini empirik məlumatlar əsasında araşdırır. Rəqəmsal transformasiya və sürətli bazar dəyişiklikləri şəraitində təşkilatların rəqabət qabiliyyəti onların proqram təminatını sürətli, etibarlı və fasiləsiz şəkildə təqdim etmə imkanlarından birbaşa asılıdır. Ənənəvi inkişaf və əməliyyat modellərində müşahidə olunan koordinasiya problemləri buraxılış gecikmələrinə və sistem sabitliyinin zəifləməsinə səbəb olur. Tədqiqatın məqsədi DevOps yanaşmasının tətbiqi nəticəsində dəyişikliklərin tətbiq müddəti (Lead Time), buraxılış tezliyi (Deployment Frequency), uğursuz dəyişiklik faizi (Change Failure Rate) və bərpa müddəti (Mean Time to Recovery) kimi əsas performans göstəricilərində baş verən dəyişiklikləri müqayisəli şəkildə təhlil etməkdir. Tədqiqatın obyekti müasir İT infrastrukturlarında tətbiq edilən DevOps modelləri, predmeti isə bu modellərin sistem effektivliyinə və idarəetmə proseslərinə təsir mexanizmləridir. Araşdırmada müqayisəli təhlil, sistemləşdirmə və ikinci dərəcəli statistik məlumatların analizi metodlarından istifadə edilmişdir. Məlumat bazasını DORA və “State of DevOps” hesabatları təşkil edir. Əldə olunan nəticələr göstərir ki, DevOps prinsiplərinin tətbiqi sistem mövcudluğunu artırır, tətbiq sürətini yüksəldir, riskləri azaldır və əməliyyat xərclərinin optimallaşdırılmasına imkan yaradır. Tədqiqat DevOps-un yalnız texnoloji deyil, həm də strateji idarəetmə transformasiyası vasitəsi olduğunu əsaslandırır.

Security Challenges in Hybrid and Multi-Cloud Systems

Kanan Mahmudov — 2026-03-30

Hybrid and multi-cloud systems have become increasingly important in modern computing because they allow organizations to combine flexibility, scalability, resilience, and provider diversity within a single operational model. A hybrid cloud architecture integrates private or on-premises infrastructure with public cloud services, whereas a multi-cloud strategy relies on services from more than one cloud provider. These models provide major advantages, including business continuity, workload portability, cost optimization, and access to specialized cloud capabilities. However, they also introduce complex security challenges. When users, applications, data, and administrative controls are distributed across several environments, it becomes difficult to maintain consistent protection. Security teams must manage different interfaces, policy models, compliance requirements, and monitoring tools at the same time. This paper examines the main security challenges in hybrid and multi-cloud systems, focusing on identity and access management, data protection, visibility, misconfiguration, compliance, governance, and migration risk. It argues that the principal problem in these environments is not only the presence of isolated vulnerabilities, but also the difficulty of coordinating security controls across heterogeneous infrastructures. The paper concludes that effective security in hybrid and multi-cloud systems requires unified governance, stronger operational visibility, disciplined policy enforcement, and careful management of data and access across all participating environments

Blokçeyn Texnologiyasının İqtisadiyyat və İdarəetmədə Tətbiqi

Cəfərova İlahə — 2026-03-30

Bu məqalədə blokçeyn texnologiyasının əsas prinsipləri, potensialı və iqtisadiyyat və idarəetmədə tətbiq sahələri ətraflı təhlil edilmişdir. Texnologiyanın inkişaf tarixindən başlayaraq, onun maliyyə sektoru, təchizat zənciri, səhiyyə, dövlət idarəçiliyindəki konkret tətbiqləri araşdırılmışdır.
Məqalədə maliyyə sektorunda kriptovalyutalar vasitəsilə yaradılmış inqilabdan bəhs edilmiş, eyni zamanda mərkəzləşdirilməmiş maliyyə (DeFi) xidmətlərinin ənənəvi bank sistemlərinə alternativ kimi inkişafı analiz edilmişdir. Təchizat zənciri idarəetməsində blokçeyn-in məhsul izlənməsini asanlaşdırması və şəffaflığı artırması xüsusi nümunələrlə göstərilmişdir. Bundan əlavə, blokçeyn texnologiyasının tibbi qeydlərin qorunması və təhlükəsiz saxlanması sahəsindəki tətbiqi və dövlət idarəçiliyində şəffaf seçki sistemlərinin yaradılmasında rolu təhlil edilmişdir.
Məqalənin digər mühüm hissəsi Azərbaycanda blokçeyn texnologiyasının mövcud vəziyyətinə və istifadəsinə həsr olunmuşdur. Bu bölmədə ölkədə kriptovalyutaların istifadəsi, dövlət xidmətlərində blokçeyn texnologiyasının tətbiqi üçün aparılan ilkin addımlar və bu texnologiyanın iqtisadiyyata potensial təsiri müzakirə edilmişdir. Xüsusilə, rəqəmsal mülkiyyət hüquqlarının qorunması və yerli biznesdə blokçeyn-in tətbiq imkanları üzərində dayanılmışdır.
Bu təhlillər nəticəsində, məqalə oxuculara blokçeyn-in təkcə indiki deyil, həm də gələcəkdəki potensialını dərk etməyə imkan verir və onun müxtəlif sahələrdə necə tətbiq edilə biləcəyini geniş şəkildə izah edir.

DRILLING OF OIL AND GAS WELLS IN UNSTABLE CLAY FORMATIONS

G.Zh. Bimbetova — 2026-03-30

During drilling operations in oil and gas fields, a long-term, stable, and well-isolated channel must be created to connect the productive formation with the surface. Drilling and cementing fluids play a crucial role during well construction. Not only the efficiency of drilling operations, but also the service life of the well depends on the ability of these fluids to perform their functions under various geological and technical conditions.The commonly used terms drilling fluid, circulating fluid, or cement slurry do not fully reflect the physicochemical nature of these systems; their usage is largely based on industry tradition. In terms of composition, these systems should be classified as complex polymineral dispersions stabilized by surfactants (surface-active agents) [1].

Despite the large number of studies proposing formulations for drilling fluids based on modern technologies, there remain significant challenges when drilling deep wells. These challenges are associated with the need to adapt existing technologies to the lithological, reservoir, and thermobaric characteristics specific to the drilling region. Deep formations characterized by abnormal (low or high) formation pressures exhibit several distinct features.

In the conditions typical of Kazakhstan, unstable clay sediments are highly hydrophilic. As a result, their interaction with the aqueous phase of drilling fluids and the effect of hydrostatic pressure lead to swelling caused by hydrodynamic pressure (up to 20%) and physicochemical processes occurring in the annular space (up to 64%).

Modeling and Development of Ontology-Based Information System to Support Medical Activity

Amanbek Baktybay — 2026-03-30

Medical information systems face significant challenges in semantic interoperability, knowledge reuse, and intelligent decision support. This paper presents the design and experimental evaluation of an ontology-based information system (OBIS) for supporting clinical activity. We construct a custom dataset of 100 patient records encompassing 24 clinical attributes, spanning 13 ontology disease classes and 19 medical departments. The proposed system integrates ICD-10, SNOMED CT, and LOINC terminologies within a unified ontological framework modeled using OWL 2 and SPARQL-based inference. Experimental results demonstrate a mean ontology inference accuracy of 89.57% and a semantic similarity score of 85.34%, with a mean query response time of 125.77 ms. A Random Forest classifier achieves the highest classification performance with 45.0% accuracy on the 13-class task. Comparative evaluation shows the proposed system surpasses traditional SQL databases, rule-based expert systems, and keyword-search IS by 17–24 percentage points in query accuracy. These findings validate the feasibility of ontology-driven architecture for enhancing semantic search, automated clinical coding, and decision support in healthcare information systems.

Ağıllı şəhər və ağıllı kənd konsepsiyalarının nəzəri əsasları

Fərid Bayramov — 2026-03-30

Bu məqalədə ağıllı şəhər və ağıllı kənd konsepsiyalarının nəzəri əsasları araşdırılmışdır. Tədqiqat çərçivəsində bu konsepsiyaların mahiyyəti, əsas xüsusiyyətləri və formalaşma mərhələləri təhlil edilmişdir. Eyni zamanda, müasir rəqəmsal texnologiyaların, o cümlədən süni intellekt və böyük verilənlərin ağıllı sistemlərin inkişafındakı rolu müəyyən edilmişdir. Məqalədə ağıllı şəhər və kənd yanaşmalarının resursların səmərəli idarə olunmasına, həyat keyfiyyətinin yüksəldilməsinə və davamlı inkişafın təmin edilməsinə təsiri ümumiləşdirilmişdir. Bununla yanaşı, bu sahədə mövcud olan əsas problemlər və çağırışlar da nəzərdən keçirilmişdir. Tədqiqatın nəticələri göstərir ki, ağıllı texnologiyaların tətbiqi gələcəkdə daha dayanıqlı və insan mərkəzli yaşayış mühitinin formalaşmasına geniş imkanlar yaradır.

Ənənəvi və Yeni Nəsil Firewall: Fortigate firewall texnologiyasının quraşdırılması

Elnur Hacıbəyli — 2026-03-30

Şəbəkə təhlükəsizliyi, müasir informasiya cəmiyyətinin inkişafı ilə paralel olaraq kritik əhəmiyyət qazanmış bir sahədir. Rəqəmsal transformasiya, bizneslərin və fərdlərin gündəlik həyatına nüfuz edərək, məlumatların böyük həcmdə şəbəkələr üzərindən paylaşılmasını təmin edir. Lakin bu inkişaf, eyni zamanda kibertəhdidlərin və mürəkkəb hücum metodlarının da artmasına şərait yaratmışdır. Məlumat oğurluğu, DDoS hücumları, zərərli proqramlar və digər təhlükələr həm fərdi istifadəçiləri, həm də böyük müəssisələri ciddi risklər altına qoyur.

Bu kimi təhlükələrə qarşı mübarizədə firewall texnologiyası ən vacib qoruyucu vasitələrdən biri olaraq çıxış edir. Firewall-lar şəbəkələrə daxil olan və çıxan trafiki izləyir, müəyyən qaydalar əsasında təsdiq və ya rədd edir, beləliklə, şəbəkə infrastrukturlarını potensial təhlükələrdən qoruyur. Ənənəvi firewall-lar, sadə və strukturlaşdırılmış qaydaları ilə, illər boyunca əsas müdafiə vasitəsi olmuşdur. Onların əsas funksiyası, IP ünvanları, port nömrələri və protokollar kimi şəbəkə səviyyəsindəki atributlara əsaslanaraq trafiki idarə etməkdir.

Lakin zaman keçdikcə, hücumların yalnız şəbəkə səviyyəsində deyil, tətbiq səviyyəsində də həyata keçirildiyi başa düşüldü. Zərərli proqramlar, sosial mühəndislik hücumları, şifrələnmiş trafikin içində gizlənən təhdidlər kimi yeni təhlükələr ənənəvi firewall-ların effektivliyini azaldırdı. Nəticədə, daha mürəkkəb qoruma metodlarına ehtiyac yarandı və bu, yeni nəsil firewall-ların (Next-Generation Firewall - NGFW) meydana çıxmasına səbəb oldu.

İnformasiya Təhlüksizliyi Modellərinin Müasir İnkişaf İstiqaməti : Süni İntellekt Əsaslı Yanaşmalar

Əntiqə Əsədova — 2026-03-30

Müasir rəqəmsal transformasiya dövründə informasiya sadəcə texniki vasitə deyil, eyni zamanda strateji bir resursdur. Bu səbəbdən onun təhlükəsizliyinin təmin olunması yalnız dövlətlərin deyil, təşkilatların və fərdlərin də gündəlik prioritet məsələlərindən biri halına çevrilib. Bu tədqiqatın məqsədi informasiya təhlükəsizliyi modellərinin müasir inkişaf istiqamətlərini və süni intellekt əsaslı yanaşmaların bu sahədə tətbiq imkanlarını araşdırmaqdır.
Araşdırmanın obyekti kompüter sistemlərində istifadə olunan təhlükəsizlik modelləri, predmeti isə süni intellekt və son zamanlarda onub inkişafına dair mühüm yanaşmalar olan izah edilə bilən süni intellekt (XAI) və məsuliyyətli süni intellektin (RAI) informasiya mühafizəsinə təsiridir. Tədqiqat əsasən 2018–2025-ci illəri əhatə edən elmi mənbələrin müqayisəli təhlili, sistemləşdirmə və analitik ümumiləşdirmə metodları əsasında aparılıb.
Nəticələr göstərir ki, klassik təhlükəsizlik modelləri müasir kibertəhdidlərin sürətlə dəyişən xarakterinə uyğunlaşmaqda çətinlik çəkir. Əvəzində isə süni intellekt əsaslı yanaşmalar təhlükələrin dinamik bir şəkildə aşkarlanması, davranışların analizi və risklərin qabaqcadan proqnozlaşdırılması baxımından daha səmərəli və effektiv olur. XAI və RAI yanaşmaları isə bu sistemlərə şəffaflıq, etibarlılıq və etik uyğunluq əlavə edir.

CHANGES IMPLEMENTED IN BYZANTINE DURING THE REIGN OF EMPEROR JUSTINIAN

MEHDIYEVA AYTEN ALI — 2026-03-30

The history of the Middle Ages occupies an important place in the history of mankind. Among the states that emerged and developed in Europe during this period, the Byzantine Empire went through a unique development path. The empire emerged as a result of the disintegration of the Roman Empire. As a result of the incessant attacks of Germanic tribes, the Western Roman Empire disappeared from the stage of history in the 5^thcentury AD. The Eastern Roman Empire, known as Byzantium, was able to maintain its existence for more than a thousand years. Its capital was the city of Constantinople. During its existence, Byzantium went through different historical stages. Unlike other feudal states, the rise to power of Emperor Justinian resulted in the return of the empire to the era of slavery, the restoration of Greek culture, and the subordination of the vast majority of the lands of the Roman Empire to a single center. Although various dynasties came to power in the Empire after Justinian, Byzantium was relatively weakened and suffered territorial losses. During the Isaurian, Macedonian, Angelian and Comnenian dynasties, Byzantium experienced some development, and the Empire gradually transitioned to the era of feudalism and reflected the main development features of this era. The Fourth Crusade led to the destruction of Byzantium as a state and the creation of the Latin Empire. The Fourth Crusade led to the creation and development of numerous states on the territory of Byzantium. Although the Palaeologus dynasty, which ruled in Nicaea, was able to save Byzantium from the Crusaders, Byzantium was never able to regain its former power, strength, and grandeur. It was subjected to numerous attacks in the 13^thto the first half of the 15^thcenturies and eventually fell.

Addressing Healthcare Accessibility and Efficiency Challenges in Georgia's Mountainous Regions: A Comparative Review of Imereti and Adjara

Miranda Jankhoteli — 2026-03-30

Mountainous regions, as geographically isolated and structurally vulnerable spaces, present a highly complex context for ensuring equitable health outcomes. In Georgia, these regions are characterized by limited physical access to medical services, acute personnel shortages, and uneven infrastructural development, which directly impacts the population's health status.

This paper evaluates the systemic barriers within the healthcare sectors of Imereti and Adjara and analyzes strategic opportunities for improvement. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, integrating quantitative indicators with qualitative insights.

The research focuses on three pivotal dimensions:

Health Literacy: Examining public awareness levels and their influence on the rational utilization of services.
Technological Integration: Assessing the potential of telemedicine and digital platforms to bridge geographical gaps.
Preventive Strategies: Evaluating the role of primary healthcare in early diagnosis and the optimization of systemic costs.

The paper introduces the Highland Health Resilience Model (HHRM), which integrates digital innovation and health literacy as primary drivers for systemic transformation. The research demonstrates that incorporating prevention-oriented approaches significantly reduces the rate of avoidable hospitalizations and optimizes limited medical resources. This model establishes a robust framework for implementing person-centered management, which is critical for overcoming barriers imposed by geographical isolation. From an economic perspective, the implementation of the HHRM facilitates the reduction of transactional costs and enhances the financial sustainability of the regional healthcare system.

The paper concludes with evidence-based recommendations for policymakers aimed at reducing regional health inequalities and enhancing system resilience, in direct alignment with UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 3, 4, and 10).

Анатомо-клинические особенности поражения верхнего ствола плечевого сплетения(С5-С6) у детей с параличом Эрба-Дюшенна

Сүлейменова Анар Жұмақанқызы — 2026-03-30

Поражение верхнего ствола плечевого сплетения (C5–C6), известное как паралич Эрба–Дюшенна, является наиболее частой акушерской травмой периферической нервной системы у новорожденных — 1–4 случая на 1000 живорождений, из которых 90% составляют верхние поражения.[1,2] Возникает вследствие тракционного повреждения корешков C5–C6 при осложненных родах (дистоция плеча, макросомия), что нарушает иннервацию проксимальных мышц плечевого пояса (дельтовидная, надостная, подостная, бицепс brachii) и формирует характерную позу «официанта, оставляющего чаевые» — висячую руку с внутренней ротацией плеча и пронацией предплечья.[1,3]Механизм повреждения включает растяжение нервных волокон от нейропраксии (спонтанное восстановление в 70–90% случаев) до аксонотомезиса/нейротмезиса с разрывом стволов; среди факторов риска — крупный плод (>4000 г), узкий таз матери и акушерские манипуляции.[4,5] Клиническая картина: отсутствие абдукции/внешней ротации плеча, сгибания локтя, супинации предплечья при сохранении функций кисти и пальцев (дифференциальный признак от тотального плечеплексиита); рефлексы снижены, чувствительность сохранена [1,3,6]. В тяжелых случаях формируются контрактуры (локтевой/плечевой) и glenohumeral dysplasia, требующие хирургии [7,8]. Диагностика включает клинический осмотр (шкала Active Movement Scale — AMS), электромиографию (ЭНМГ с 3-й недели), УЗИ и МРТ-нейровизуализацию для определения пре-/постганглионарного уровня поражения [9,10]. Ранняя верификация (1–3 мес.) критически важна для прогнозирования и выбора тактики [9,10]. Актуальность обусловлена сохраняющейся частотой патологии (3/1000) и риском стойкого дефицита в 20–30% случаев при поздней диагностике, несмотря на прогресс акушерства [2,5].

ACTUAL DIAGNOSTIC AND CLINICAL ASPECTS OF LARYNGEAL CANCER

Arman Khozhayev — 2026-03-30

this scientific and analytical work presents modern world and local-regional data on incidence, mortality, lethality and five-year survival rate of such oncological pathology of head and neck tumors as laryngeal cancer. The issues of etiology and pathogenesis, features of distribution, modern approaches and principles of complex diagnostics, prospects for improving treatment results, as well as prognosis are covered in detail. The epidemiological characteristics of this pathology in our republic are given in the context of regions of the country

Салициловая кислота как моно-, би-, мостиковый лиганд

Маммадова Айнур Тейюб — 2026-03-30

Широкое применение комплексных соединений в различных научных и промышленных областях обуславливает важность непрерывных исследований для обогащения знаний и навыков в координационной химии. Для придания этим соединениям хелатирующего эффекта используются различные лиганды. «Хелатирующий эффект» или «хелатный эффект» объясняет стабильность комплексных соединений в химии. Это явление образования полидентатными лигандами кольцевой структуры с ионом металла для получения более стабильных комплексов. Выбор таких лигандов основан на их способности избирательно связываться, простоте производства, легкой рециклируемости и совместимости с «зеленой химией» [1-3]. Хотя и не такие прочные, как ковалентные связи, π–π-взаимодействия и водородные связи играют ключевую роль в сборке металлоорганических супрамолекулярных структур

SYMBOLISM OF ORNAMENT AND COLOR IN THE DECORATIVE AND APPLIED ART OF KAZAKH CHI WEAVINGм

K. Zh. Tulakbayeva — 2026-03-30

Chi weaving is an important component of decorative and applied arts that reflects the cultural beliefs of nomadic societies. Traditional crafts play a key role in cultural heritage, transmitting aesthetic principles, technical skills, and symbolic meanings from generation to generation. Although scholars are increasingly interested in Central Asian decorative arts, chi weaving remains one of the least studied areas within this field. This study addresses this gap by examining the decorative patterns and cultural heritage represented in chi weaving. Accordingly, the aim of the study was to analyze the symbolism of ornamental motifs and color combinations in traditional Kazakh shi weaving. The research methods included art historical analysis, semiotic interpretation, comparative analysis, and ethnographic research, through which the visual and compositional aspects of the ornaments were examined. Semiotic analysis was used to interpret the symbolic meanings of patterns and colors, while comparative analysis identified similarities between shi weaving and other Kazakh decorative traditions. Ethnographic materials provided insights into contemporary craft practices. The results present an analysis of several key ornamental motifs such as Koshkarmuiz, Synyq Muiz, Kus Kanaty, and Zhuldyz, which are most commonly used in chi weaving. These motifs represent various thematic aspects, including zoomorphic, natural, and cosmological elements, and are combined with traditional color symbolism adapted to the linear design of reed weaving. Moreover, unlike many other forms of decorative art, ornamentation in shi weaving is closely connected to the weaving technique itself, functioning as a cultural code that reflects pastoral life, the connection with nature, and perceptions of the universe. The study highlights the role of shi weaving as a preserver of cultural memory and traditional knowledge.

Digital Technologies as a Means of Developing Intercultural Communicative Competence in Foreign Language Teaching

Kamila Umarova — 2026-03-30

In today’s media-saturated world, digital technologies play a crucial role in developing intercultural communicative competence in foreign language teaching. By integrating text, audio, video, animation, and interactive resources, digital tools transform learning into a selective, goal-oriented, analytical, and synthetic cognitive activity. They foster critical thinking, independent learning, and problem-solving skills while allowing learners to engage with authentic cultural materials. Through personalized, learner-centered digital environments, students gain autonomy in managing their learning process, selecting and organizing content, and applying it in meaningful intercultural contexts. The dual-channel presentation of information and multi-sensory engagement supports language acquisition, retention, and comprehension, while promoting creativity, adaptability, and collaborative skills. This study highlights the transformative potential of digital technologies as instruments for enhancing both linguistic proficiency and intercultural competence in contemporary foreign language education.

The Role of Intercultural Communicative Competence in English Language Teaching at School

Soboleva Anzhelika — 2026-03-30

In the era of globalization and increasing intercultural interaction, the role of foreign language education has expanded beyond the traditional focus on grammar and vocabulary. Today, language learning involves the development of intercultural communicative competence (ICC), which enables learners to communicate effectively and appropriately with individuals from different cultural backgrounds. English, as a global language, serves as a primary medium for international communication in fields such as education, business, science, and technology. Therefore, English language teaching at school must prepare students not only linguistically but also culturally.The purpose of this article is to explore the role and importance of intercultural communicative competence in English language teaching at school. The study examines theoretical foundations of ICC, its components, and its significance in modern education. Furthermore, the article discusses practical methods and strategies that teachers can implement to develop students’ intercultural competence in the classroom. The findings suggest that integrating cultural content into language teaching promotes students’ communicative skills, cultural awareness, critical thinking, and tolerance toward cultural diversity. Developing intercultural communicative competence in school education prepares learners to participate successfully in multicultural and multilingual environments.

FORMATION OF READINESS OF FUTURE PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS TO APPLY ACTING TECHNIQUES IN FORMAL AND INFORMAL LEARNING CONTEXTS

Lyuft Aleksey Valeryevich — 2026-03-30

This article addresses the problem of preparing future primary school teachers to apply theatrical mastery methods in their professional practice. The relevance of the study is determined by the growing need to develop communicative expressiveness, pedagogical interaction skills, classroom management abilities, and the capacity to design engaging learning environments. In this context, theatrical pedagogy is considered as an integrative resource that combines speech development, emotional responsiveness, creativity, and pedagogical improvisation.

The aim of the study is to identify the potential of educational programme courses in preparing future primary school teachers to apply acting techniques within formal and informal learning environments. The research is based on a theoretical analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature, a content analysis of the educational programme and course syllabi, and a comparative analysis of learning outcomes, thematic content, and instructional formats.

The findings indicate that the courses included in the educational programme demonstrate varying degrees of potential in fostering theatrical and pedagogical competencies and can be classified according to their functional roles. The first group includes courses focused on speech and expressive development, forming fundamental skills such as voice control, intonation, and non-verbal communication. The second group comprises methodological courses that facilitate the integration of acting techniques into lesson design and transform them into tools for organizing primary school learning activities. The third group includes psychological and communication-oriented disciplines that support the development of empathy, interaction skills, and reflection, as well as enabling the application of theatrical techniques in informal learning settings.

The results show that the highest effectiveness is achieved through a systematic integration of theatrical mastery into the teacher education process, where different courses perform complementary functions: developing core expressive skills, ensuring methodological transformation, and providing opportunities for practical implementation. The combination of formal and informal learning environments plays a crucial role in enabling students to move from mastering individual techniques to their conscious pedagogical application.

Thus, theatrical mastery can be considered a significant component of professional teacher education, contributing to the development of pedagogical expressiveness, communicative competence, and the ability to design engaging and student-centered learning processes.

DIGITAL PEDAGOGICAL APPROACHES TO TEACHING SPEAKING SKILLS IN EFL HIGHER EDUCATION

Kulymbayeva N. — 2026-03-30

This study investigates the impact of gamification on students’ speaking fluency in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) contexts. The research aims to identify key trends, dominant themes, and research gaps in the field by conducting a systematic review and bibliometric analysis of Scopus-indexed publications from 2005 to 2025. A total of 143 publications were initially identified, of which a refined sample was selected following PRISMA guidelines to ensure methodological relevance and quality. The findings reveal a significant increase in scholarly interest in gamification and digital learning environments, particularly after 2015, reflecting the growing integration of technology into language education. The thematic analysis indicates that gamification, motivation, and student engagement represent the core research areas, while speaking fluency remains an emerging and underexplored topic. The keyword co-occurrence network demonstrates that gamification is closely associated with educational technologies, learner psychology, and motivational factors, highlighting its multidimensional nature. The results further show that gamification enhances speaking fluency by increasing learners’ motivation, reducing anxiety, and promoting active participation in communicative tasks. Game-based elements such as rewards, challenges, and interactive activities contribute to a more engaging and supportive learning environment, fostering students’ confidence and willingness to speak. However, the effectiveness of gamification depends on factors such as instructional design, teacher competence, and alignment with learning objectives. The study concludes that gamification is a promising pedagogical strategy for improving speaking fluency in EFL contexts. At the same time, it identifies a critical research gap in empirical studies focusing specifically on oral communication skills, suggesting the need for further experimental and longitudinal research.

Развитие межкультурной компетентности студентов педвузов в эпоху глобализации: ключевые вопросы

Баубекова Гульзамира Джураевна — 2026-03-30

Аннотация Актуальность исследуемой проблемы обусловлена процессами глобализации и информатизации, ростом миграционных потоков, расширением международных контактов и формированием единого мирового информационного, экономического, образовательного и культурного пространства. Усиление многообразия в культурном плане в современном обществе актуализирует необходимость пересмотра универсальных гуманистических ценностей и разработки эффективных моделей воспитания молодёжи, ориентированных на диалог культур и межнациональное взаимодействие.

THE PROBLEM OF EXTERNAL MOTIVATION IN STUDENT PHYSICAL EDUCATION: WHY CLASSES ARE PERCEIVED AS AN OBLIGATION RATHER THAN A HEALTH RESOURCE

Turgenbayeva Aizhan Shokhanovna — 2026-03-30

The article examines the problem of the dominance of external motivation among students in the process of physical education in higher education institutions. Despite the recognized importance of physical activity for maintaining health and improving quality of life, most students perceive physical education classes as a compulsory academic requirement rather than a valuable personal resource.

The purpose of the study is to identify the causes of external motivation dominance and to determine effective approaches to increasing student engagement in physical education.

The research methods included surveys, pedagogical observation, analysis of motivational attitudes, and content analysis of student feedback. Special attention was given to identifying the reasons for attending physical education classes and the level of awareness of the importance of physical activity.

The results showed that a significant proportion of students attend classes primarily to obtain credits or fulfill academic requirements. Only a small percentage associate physical activity with maintaining health and improving well-being.

Key problems identified include low awareness of the benefits of physical activity, lack of stable physical activity habits, and weak alignment between course content and students’ personal interests.

To address these issues, a practice-oriented engagement model was developed, incorporating individualized tasks and digital activity tracking.

The proposed model can be recommended for implementation in higher education institutions to enhance student motivation and engagement.

Voluntary refusal in the attempt of a crime: theoretical and practical aspects

Ucha Beglarashvili — 2026-03-30

The present article concerns one of the most important institutions of criminal law - voluntary refusal to commit a crime. The paper analyzes the legal nature of voluntary refusal, its distinction from an attempt to commit a crime, and the criteria on the basis of which a person is exempted from criminal liability. Special attention is paid to the factor of voluntariness and the difference between a completed and an unfinished attempt, which is supported by practical cases. The forms of voluntary refusal, its features in the case of complicity, and problematic issues in practice are also discussed.

Analysis of Soil Degradation Processes and Management Strategies in Georgia

Ketevan Beriashvili — 2026-03-30

This article is dedicated to a complex analysis of the causes, forms, and modern management strategies of soil degradation in Georgia. The paper discusses critical processes such as water and wind erosion, soil salinization, and structural disturbances caused by anthropogenic impact. Based on secondary data analysis, the article assesses the scale of degradation at a regional level and proposes rehabilitation methods, including the importance of conservation agriculture and the restoration of windbreaks. The research findings emphasize the necessity of strengthening sustainable soil management policies to ensure the country's food security.