THE IMPACT OF BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS PROGRAMS ON GLOBAL SECURITY SYSTEMS

Abstract

This article examines the complex and multidimensional impact of biological weapons programs on global security systems from an academic and analytical perspective. The inherent difficulties in detecting biological threats, combined with the challenges of accurately identifying their sources, significantly undermine the effectiveness of existing international security mechanisms. These challenges also expose the limitations of classical deterrence models, which were primarily designed to address conventional military threats and interstate conflicts. The article explores how biological weapons influence the international trust environment, highlighting how suspicion, uncertainty, and fear can erode diplomatic relations and weaken confidence in collective security arrangements. It also investigates the implications of biological weapons for legal and normative frameworks, noting that existing international treaties and arms control regimes often struggle to keep pace with the rapidly evolving nature of biotechnologies and dual-use research. Moreover, the article emphasizes the critical role of global health security, demonstrating that weaknesses in health infrastructure and preparedness are no longer merely humanitarian concerns but strategic vulnerabilities with broad security implications. Regional stability is also affected, as the presence or suspicion of biological programs can exacerbate tensions, fuel arms races, and encourage unilateral security measures that undermine collective approaches. The analysis further considers the role of non-state actors, whose access to biological technologies and potential for misuse adds another layer of unpredictability to global security. In addition, the information environment is highlighted as a crucial factor, as misinformation, fear, and the rapid spread of false narratives can destabilize societies, distort political decision-making, and limit governments’ capacity to respond effectively