INSTITUTIONAL MODELS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE

Abstract

This article examines the institutional prerequisites for the emergence and development of social entrepreneurship and the distinctive features of institutional models established in different national contexts. The aim of the study is to systematize theoretical approaches to explaining the institutional diversity of social enterprises and to identify directions for adapting international experience to the conditions of Kazakhstan. The methodological framework comprises comparative institutional analysis, the typological classification of organizational models, and a critical review of academic literature and the legal and regulatory framework. The study demonstrates that the sustainability of social enterprises depends not on individual incentives or formal legal status alone, but on the coherence of legal regulation, financial mechanisms, social norms, and patterns of interaction among the state, businesses, and civil society. An analytical framework for assessing the institutional environment is proposed, integrating legal, resource-related, organizational, and societal components. The study identifies directions for improving the institutional conditions for social entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan. The findings represent a theoretical and analytical synthesis and do not claim to provide empirical validation of causal relationships.