Modern Scientific Method

TEACHING METHODS OF ENGLISH IN SCHOOLS

2025-09-29T01:19:18+00:00

The teaching of English as a foreign language in schools has undergone significant transformation over the past century. From grammar-translation practices rooted in classical education to communicative and technology-driven approaches, methods of instruction have reflected broader educational paradigms and societal needs. This paper reviews traditional, communicative, and innovative methods of teaching English in schools, highlighting their strengths, limitations, and implications for contemporary education. The study argues for a balanced approach that integrates the advantages of various methods, thereby ensuring both linguistic accuracy and communicative competence in learners.

INNOVATIVE METHODS OF TEACHING ENGLISH IN COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES

2025-09-29T02:10:50+00:00

The teaching of English in higher education institutions has experienced remarkable change in recent decades, shifting from teacher-centered approaches to learner-centered and technology-driven methodologies. Colleges and universities play a critical role in equipping students with advanced English proficiency for academic, professional, and global contexts. This article explores innovative methods of teaching English in higher education, including project-based learning, task-based learning, Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL), blended learning, gamification, the flipped classroom, and technology-enhanced approaches. The study highlights their benefits, challenges, and implications for modern pedagogy, ultimately suggesting a holistic framework that combines these innovations to maximize student engagement and learning outcomes.

ETHNOPEDAGOGY AS AN IMPORTANT FIELD OF PEDAGOGY

2025-09-29T02:14:46+00:00

The article also attempts to define the basic concepts of ethnopedagogy. The article expresses an attitude towards the clarification of concepts such as “ethnos”, “ethnic knowledge”, “ethnic culture”, which are also the object of research of many other humanities. The article clarifies the concepts of “ethnopedagogical knowledge”, “ethnopedagogical culture”, and determines the mutual relationship between folk pedagogy and ethnopedagogy. Keywords: ethnos, ethnopedagogical culture, ethnopedagogical knowledge, folk pedagogy, ethnopedagogy. Globalization, which has emerged as one of the objective manifestations of human development, covers all areas of modern life. Globalization, which has deeply penetrated the social life of modern societies, can cause positive and negative changes in the lives of countries and peoples, depending on the level of cultural development.

USE OF NEW METHODS IN TEACHING TECHNOLOGY

2025-09-29T02:18:30+00:00

Technology education serves to prepare personnel who have acquired the technical knowledge and skills necessary for the country's economic development and meet the requirements of the labor market. The rapid development of innovative technologies increases the need for highly qualified labor in modern production areas. Teaching technology at the school level creates the initial foundation for meeting this need.

Technology lessons allow students not only to master existing knowledge, but also to put forward new ideas and find creative solutions to various problems. During project and practical work, students develop both creativity and critical thinking skills by preparing products in terms of design, engineering, aesthetics and functionality.

Since the subject of technology aims to master both theoretical and practical knowledge and skills, the application of innovative teaching methods is especially important here. This article examines the theoretical foundations of new teaching methods used in teaching technology, their practical application and advantages.

In modern times, the development of society is closely related to the widespread use of information and communication technologies (ICT). The education system has not been left out of this development, and the use of new teaching technologies in the pedagogical process has become one of the important conditions. In particular, the application of modern methods and tools in teaching technology subjects creates conditions for the emergence of students' creative potential, the development of practical knowledge and skills, and the formation of innovative thinking

Языковая специфика категории измерения

2025-09-29T03:12:28+00:00

Вся познавательная деятельность человека, направленная на изучение объективной действительности, осуществляется в форме логических категорий.

Посредством языка предметы и явления материального мира отражаются в своём единстве с пространством и временем в сознании носителей этого языка. Эти универсальные понятия в каждой культуре связаны между собой, образуя своего рода «модель мира». С помощью этой модели люди воспринимают действительность и строят образ мира в своём сознании. Пространство и время, являясь важнейшими жизненными универсалиями всех культур, находят своё воплощение не только в художественных произведениях, но и во всех сферах жизни.

Les locutions phraséologiques avec des noms de fruits en azerbaïdjanais et en français

2025-09-29T04:37:40+00:00

Les langues reflètent la culture, la mentalité et l’expérience de leurs locuteurs à travers différents moyens d’expression. Parmi eux, les locutions phraséologiques jouent un rôle fondamental, car elles transmettent non seulement un sens figuré mais aussi une vision du monde. Les noms de fruits, étroitement liés à la vie quotidienne et à la symbolique des peuples, apparaissent fréquemment dans les expressions idiomatiques. La langue est un système de signes qui possède des valeurs culturelles. Dans l’enrichissement de la langue et pour exprimer la pensée et le discours avec plus de précision, les groupes de mots jouent, aux côtés des mots, un rôle irremplaçable.

L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser comparativement l’usage des noms de fruits dans les locutions phraséologiques de la langue française et de la langue azerbaïdjanaise, afin de mettre en évidence leurs convergences et divergences culturelles et linguistiques. La spécificité de la composition lexicale dans les langues étudiées réside dans le fait que, à travers les noms de fruits, elle reflète de manière fidèle les caractéristiques historiques, culturelles et ethnographiques des peuples. Dans les langues étudiées, les noms de fruits apparaissent, d’un point de vue structurel, sous des formes simples, dérivées et composées, et parmi celles-ci, les formes simples sont considérées comme des structures de base.

The Righteous Use of Force under International Law

2025-09-29T01:05:16+00:00

The prohibition of force is one of the fundamental cornerstones of modern international law. This norm is not only enshrined in the UN Charter, but is also recognized as a jus cogens rule, which means that no agreement can affect it and states have no right to ignore it. This prohibition has played an important role in maintaining the stability of the international system, preventing aggressive wars, and defining the legal framework of international relations.

Yet international law does not treat the prohibition as absolute. Certain circumstances permit states to resort to force lawfully, most notably in cases of self-defense and when authorized by the United Nations Security Council. Over time, new doctrines have emerged — humanitarian intervention, anticipatory self-defense, the protection of nationals abroad, and, more recently, responses to cyberattacks.

Over time, international practice has given rise to new debates and doctrines that go beyond the existing framework. The idea of humanitarian intervention, which aims to protect the population from mass crimes; the concept of preventive defense, which seeks to justify the use of force in the face of the reality and inevitability of the threat with legal arguments; as well as the protection of citizens abroad and the ability to respond to cyber attacks in the modern era—all these pose a challenge to traditional norms.

The study of these issues is important because they reveal the tension between three essential values: sovereignty, security, and human rights. It is against this background that the dynamics of modern international law are formed and the boundaries of the legitimacy of the use of force are constantly questioned.

This article examines the historical development, legal framework, and contemporary controversies surrounding the righteous use of force under international law. It evaluates both established principles and contested practices, highlighting the tension between sovereignty, security, and human right

Horse Breeding in Kazakhstan: Current State, Challenges, and Prospects

2025-09-29T02:22:10+00:00

The article discusses the development of horse breeding in Kazakhstan, highlighting its historical significance, current state, existing challenges, and future prospects. As a country where horse culture is deeply embedded in national identity, Kazakhstan maintains rich genetic resources and traditions of horse breeding. However, the industry faces serious issues, such as insufficient funding, genetic resource preservation, and limited technological modernization. Recent initiatives, including the establishment of research institutions, the adoption of innovative technologies, and the development of new breeding programs, demonstrate the potential for further growth. The study concludes that strengthening institutional support and enhancing international competitiveness are essential for sustainable development of horse breeding in Kazakhstan

Proteomic Signatures of Aging Across Human and Animal Tissues: Large-Scale Data Analysis of Protein Modifications and Functional Outcomes

2025-09-29T04:30:43+00:00

Aging is a universal biological process characterized by progressive functional decline and increased susceptibility to disease. While genomic and transcriptomic changes have been extensively studied, proteomic alterations — including abundance shifts, misfolding, aggregation, and post-translational modifications (PTMs) — provide a more direct reflection of cellular function and dysfunction during aging. In this study, we conducted a large-scale comparative proteomic analysis across human and animal tissues, including brain, liver, skeletal muscle, and kidney, to identify conserved and tissue-specific protein signatures of aging. Our analysis revealed that proteins involved in proteostasis, mitochondrial metabolism, and synaptic transmission undergo age-dependent abundance changes and PTMs such as oxidation, glycation, and ubiquitination. Statistical evaluation with robust sample sizes demonstrated significant differences (p < 0.01) in protein stability and modification patterns between young and aged tissues, supported by error-bar–based confidence intervals. Comparative cross-species analysis highlighted conserved proteomic shifts in energy metabolism and cytoskeletal proteins, while human-specific changes were enriched in proteins related to neurodegeneration and immune response. These findings provide an integrative framework for understanding how proteomic aging signatures manifest across tissues and species, and they underscore the role of protein modifications in the onset of age-related functional decline.

Феномен рабства и его формы

2025-09-29T03:28:42+00:00

В статье рассматривается феномен рабства как один из самых устойчивых и противоречивых институтов мировой истории. От ацтеков и скандинавских трэллов до античного Рима, императорского Китая и рабовладельческого Юга США прослеживается эволюция форм эксплуатации человека. Особое внимание уделяется экономическим аспектам рабского труда, его влиянию на развитие государств и общества, а также идеологическим и псевдонаучным оправданиям рабства, приведшим к возникновению расизма. Анализируются современные формы принудительного труда — детский труд, сексуальная эксплуатация и использование заключённых. Подчеркивается, что несмотря на формальный запрет, в XXI веке в рабстве продолжают находиться десятки миллионов людей, что делает проблему по-прежнему актуальной.

MOTIFS OF THE FIGHT FOR WOMEN'S RIGHTS IN THE WORK OF JAFAR JABBARLI

2025-09-29T02:04:50+00:00

The issue of women's freedom has always made people, societies, states, and religions think. In every era and in every formation, there has been a different approach to this issue. However, the problem has not been properly resolved even today. Therefore, the issue of women's freedom is still the subject of great research and studies.

Jabbarli, who worked for the progress of Azerbaijani culture and theater and wished for the active participation of Azerbaijani women on the theater stage, highly appreciated the role played by women in the history of art during the People's Republic in 1918-1920. Before the Republic - during the years of tsarist rule, old-fashioned people did not let women on the theater stage and did not look kindly on women who went to the theater.

In such an environment, only educated members of the "uprava" who sat with the "governors" and "glavas", wives and sisters of officials would go to the theater. A typical representative of these ladies, Firangiz, at the suggestion and insistence of her brother Aslan, gets educated and gets acquainted with Russian culture, and later learns the rules of behavior typical of "nobles" from her tutor Nadia

AUTOMATIC PREVENTION OF TRANSIENT STABILITY VIOLATION BASED ON THE RESULTS OF THE STABILITY MARGIN MONITORING SYSTEM CALCULATIONS

2025-09-29T03:16:35+00:00

In modern conditions of development of the electric power industry, the problem of ensuring the transient stability of energy systems is becoming particularly relevant. Traditional methods of emergency automation based on fixed threshold values of parameters are not effective enough with a significant reduction in system inertia due to the integration of renewable energy sources (RES) and the decommissioning of synchronous generators. The study considers the need to move from static control algorithms to adaptive methods using real-time monitoring data. The basis of the proposed approach is the stability reserve monitoring system (SMMS), which provides the calculation of critical voltage angles between nodes of the power system based on WAMS and SCADA data. This allows you to dynamically adjust the emergency response parameters, taking into account the current state of the power system and its inertia. The practical significance of the work is confirmed by the example of modeling transients in the Mangystau power system of Kazakhstan. The results show that when the moment of inertia decreases, the system loses synchronism, however, the use of an adaptive algorithm with a metered load shutdown (for example, 300 MW) makes it possible to restore stability and prevent asynchronous operation. At the same time, smaller volumes of shutdowns are insufficient, which underlines the importance of fine-tuning control actions. The proposed method reduces the likelihood of excessive load disconnection and ensures higher reliability and efficiency of the power system. Despite the risks associated with telemetry system failures, the choice of shutdown volume or the reversal of power flows, adaptive control forms the modern basis for preventing cascading accidents and increasing the stability of energy systems with a high proportion of renewable energy sources.

MORPHOMETRİC ANALYSİS OF THE DEEP DİSSECTİON OF THE BOLGARCHAY BASİN

2025-09-29T01:12:27+00:00

This study summarizes the results of morphometric investigations conducted to assess the relief conditions of the Bolgarchay basin and analyzes its main quantitative indicators. These data hold scientific significance as factual material for determining the degree of relief dissection in the area and can be utilized for economic planning purposes

Eléments conduisant à la participation des PME aux marchés publics à Madagascar grâce à l’e-GP

2025-09-29T02:25:06+00:00

The integration of e-GP into Madagascar's public procurement and contract execution system can be a strategic lever for increasing the participation of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This article analyzes the factors that lead to SME participation in public procurement in Madagascar through e-GP. The results show that simplifying access to information through e-GP can lower barriers related to information asymmetry, thereby strengthening SMEs' trust in the contracting authority. In addition, the dematerialization of procedures facilitates administrative processes and lowers certain costs, thus enabling a greater number of SMEs to bid. Training, awareness-raising, and technical assistance are crucial for strengthening the capacities of SMEs and improving their competitiveness. However, there are some constraints, such as the inadequate digital infrastructure of some SMEs and the lack of technological skills in some SMEs. The study concludes that the participation of SMEs in public procurement in Madagascar depends on a number of factors.

Circular Economy, a New Paradigm for Sustainable Development

2025-09-29T03:20:45+00:00

The circular economy is an innovative model that aims to rationally use resources, minimize waste, and ensure environmental sustainability [1]. The concept is an alternative to the traditional, linear economic model and is based on principles such as product reuse, recycling, and efficient resource management [2]. This article reviews the concept of the circular economy, its main principles, and its practical significance in the context of sustainable development.

The circular economy significantly contributes to environmental protection and the conservation of natural resources. Its implementation makes it possible to create new economic opportunities, including the development of innovative business models and the creation of new jobs. Following the example of the European Union, an additional 700,000 jobs were created in 2012-2018 within the framework of the Circular Economy Action Plan, which demonstrates the economic benefits of this approach. In Georgia, too, promoting the circular economy will help strengthen local production, reduce waste and improve environmental standards.

The implementation of a circular economy model for sustainable development requires active actions at both the political, business and societal levels. Companies are moving towards green production, where the emphasis is on the long-term use of resources, increasing the life cycle of products and compliance with environmental standards. Along with the development of a circular economy, investment opportunities are also increasing, which contributes to the introduction of new technologies and innovations.

In addition to economic benefits, the circular economy also provides important social and environmental benefits. For example, models operating within the framework of the circular economy contribute to reducing pollution, increasing energy efficiency and mitigating climate change. The introduction of sustainable production and consumption practices not only creates economic benefits, but also helps to raise public awareness, which is conducive to increasing environmental responsibility.

The potential for developing a circular economy in Georgia is significant. The country has the potential to develop waste management, energy sustainability and eco-friendly production. Examples of a green economy, such as the renewable energy sector, waste recycling and environmentally friendly transport systems, have already emerged and progress is being made towards the use of renewable resources. However, additional investments, stricter policies and more active public engagement are needed.

The circular economy is not just an environmental initiative, but a broad economic and social strategy for sustainable development that promotes innovation, the strengthening of new sectors, and the rational use of resources. Its implementation requires cooperation between both the public and private sectors to achieve ecological and economic stability in the long term.

ROLE DE LA REGLEMENTATION CONTRAIGNANTE DANS L’INTEGRATION DES CONSIDERATIONS ENVIRONNEMENTALES DANS LES MARCHES PUBLICS DE TRAVAUX A MADAGASCAR

2025-09-29T04:25:40+00:00

Les marchés publics de travaux représentent un levier essentiel de développement à Madagascar, mais ils peuvent générer des impacts environnementaux importants en l’absence de mécanismes de régulation adaptés. À partir d’une analyse économétrique (logit et probit) menée sur 94 dossiers d’appel d’offres ouverts (DAOO) lancés entre 2021 et 2023 par quatre ministères techniques, cette étude met en évidence le rôle déterminant d’une réglementation contraignante dans l’intégration des considérations environnementales. Les résultats montrent que l’intégration de clauses environnementales est fortement conditionnée par l’existence d’obligations juridiques explicites, alors que d’autres facteurs, tels que la taille financière des projets, exercent une influence secondaire. Toutefois, l’absence d’articulation entre la législation environnementale qui impose notamment des études d’impact, et la réglementation des marchés publics limite la portée et l’effectivité de ces obligations. L’étude souligne la nécessité d’un cadre juridique clair et contraignant, complété par des outils opérationnels, des capacités renforcés et un suivi rigoureux. Elle ouvre ainsi la réflexion sur les moyens d’articuler plus efficacement la législation environnementale et celle des marchés publics afin de soutenir la transition écologique à Madagascar.