Progress in Science

XIX ƏSR AMERİKA ƏDƏBİYYATINDA QADIN XARAKTERİNİN TRANSFORMASİYASI: ƏNƏNƏVİ QADIN MODELİNDƏN FƏRDİ ÖZÜNÜDƏRKƏ DOĞRU

İskəndərova Firuzə — Sun, 27 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Xülasə. Məqalədə XIX əsr Amerika ədəbiyyatında qadın xarakterinin dəyişmə xətti əsrin müxtəlif mərhələlərini təmsil edən dörd bədii obraz – Hester Prynne, Ruth Hall, Jo March və Edna Pontellier əsasında araşdırılır. Tədqiqatın məqsədi qadın qəhrəmanın yalnız məişət və ailə münasibətlərinin iştirakçısı kimi təqdim edilməsindən fərdi seçim, iqtisadi müstəqillik, yaradıcı özünüifadə və şəxsi azadlıq tələb edən subyektə çevrilməsini izləməkdir. Təhlildə XIX əsr Amerika cəmiyyətində qadınlıq haqqında formalaşmış “true womanhood” modeli, məişət sferasının ideoloji funksiyası, qadın müəlliflərin ədəbi bazarda görünürlüğünün artması və əsrin sonuna doğru fərdi özünüdərk mövzusunun dərinləşməsi nəzərə alınır. Hester Prynne sosial mühakimə şəraitində daxili möhkəmliyi, Ruth Hall əməyin və peşəkar fəaliyyətin qadın həyatında yaratdığı yeni imkanları, Jo March yaradıcı ambisiya ilə ailə modeli arasındakı gərginliyi, Edna Pontellier isə ənənəvi rollardan daha radikal uzaqlaşma cəhdini təmsil edir. Müqayisə göstərir ki, XIX əsr Amerika ədəbiyyatında qadın xarakterinin inkişafı düzxətli və ziddiyyətsiz proses deyil; hər yeni mərhələ əvvəlki modeli həm davam etdirir, həm də onun sərhədlərini genişləndirir.

AZƏRBAYCAN ƏDƏBİ-BƏDİİ PUBLİSİSTİKASININ İNKİŞAF DÖVRLƏRİ

Əliyeva Aynur Nazim qızı — Sun, 27 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Publisistika eləcə də ədəbi-bədii publisistikanın ötən illərdəki fəaliyyəti, keçdiyi inkişaf dövrləri zamanla bir sıra tədqiqatçıların araşdırma mövzusu olmuşdur.

Məqalədə ədəbi-bədii publisistikamızın formalaşma prosesi, təşəkkülü,inkişaf dövrlərindən söhbət açılır. Məşhur yazıçı-publisist ziyalılarımızın publisistik fəaliyyəti, ədəbi yaradıcılığın bu qoluna aid yaratdıqları nümunələr təhlil edilir. Publisistikanın dünəni və bu günü arasındakı inkişak dinamikasına nəzər yetirilir.

Açar sözlər: Ədəbi-bədii publisistika,mətbuat,inkişaf dövrləri, ictimai şüur, əsas mövzular

Ədəbi-bədii publisistika bədii təsvir vasitələrinin gücü ilə ictimai-siyasi problemləri işıqlandıran ədəbi yaradıcılıq növüdür. Azərbaycan ədəbiyyatı ənənələlərinə əsaslanan publisitikanın bu növü həyatın idrakını və real təsvirini hədəfləyərək,cəmiyyəti kamilləşdirmək funksiyasını yerinə yetirir. Ədəbi-bədii publisistika yalnız informativ mətnlərlə deyil,həm də bədii obrazlılıq vasitəsilə ədəbi-estetik zövqün formalaşmasında böyük rol oynayır. Bir növ ədəbiyyatla jurnalistikanı birləşdirən bu janr milli mətbuatın və ədəbi yaradıcılığın sintezindən doğan nəzəri konsepsiyalara əsaslanır.

Publisistikanın bu növü XIX-cu əsrin sonu XX-ci əsrin əvvəllərində mətbuatın inkişafı ilə formalaşma prosesi keçmişdir.

Azərbaycan ədəbi-bədii publisistikasının keçdiyi yola və inkişaf dövrlərinə nəzər saldıqda açıq-aydın görürük ki,ictimai şüurun inkişafında mühüm rol oynayıb. Ümumiyyətlə publisistika mövcud olduğu bütün dövrlərdə ictimai şüurun güzgüsü olmuş,milli ideyanın gələcək nəsillərə aşılanmasına, mədəniyyətin təbliği və inkişafına xidmət etmişdir.

Оқу сапасын деректер негізінде басқарудағы директордың оқу жұмысы жөніндегі орынбасарының рөлі

Смаилова Гульмира Тулебековна — Sun, 27 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Мақалада мектепішілік бағалау деректерін оқытуды жетілдіруге пайдаланудағы директордың оқу жұмысы жөніндегі орынбасарының рөлі қарастырылады. Оқу мақсаттары бойынша қиындықтарды анықтау, бағалау өлшемдерін келісу, педагогтерге әдістемелік қолдау көрсету және қабылданған шешімнің нәтижесін қайта тексеру жолдары ұсынылады. Деректі талдауды сабақтағы нақты әрекетпен байланыстыратын басқару моделі мен сегіз апталық сынақ жоспары берілген. Ұсыныстар мұғалімнің есептік жүктемесін көбейтпей, оқушының ілгерілеуін байқауға және мектепішілік кәсіби ынтымақтастықты нығайтуға бағытталған

МЕКТЕПТЕГІ БІЛІМ САПАСЫН БАСҚАРУДАҒЫ ДЕРЕКТЕРГЕ НЕГІЗДЕЛГЕН ӘДІСТЕМЕЛІК ҚОЛДАУ

Мамираимова Нурсулу Пернебековна — Sun, 27 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Мақалада директордың оқу жұмысы жөніндегі орынбасарының білім сапасын басқарудағы қызметі қарастырылады. Оқу нәтижелерін талдау, мұғалімнің кәсіби дамуын ұйымдастыру және қабылданған шешімнің орындалуын бағалау өзара байланысты үдеріс ретінде ұсынылады. Бағалау деректерін сабақтағы бақылаумен және оқушының жұмысымен ұштастырудың жолдары көрсетіледі. Мектеп тәжірибесіне бейімдеуге арналған талдау кестесі мен алты апталық әдістемелік жұмыс үлгісі берілген. Негізгі тұжырым: мониторингтің құндылығы жиналған ақпараттың көлемімен емес, сол ақпаратқа сүйеніп оқытуға енгізілген өзгерістің негізділігімен анықталады

Көркем еңбек сабағында этнодизайн арқылы экологиялық мәдениетті қалыптастыру

Серикбаева Турсынай Налибаевна — Sun, 27 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Мақалада көркем еңбек сабағында ұлттық қолөнер элементтерін материалды қайта пайдаланумен ұштастырудың әдістемелік мүмкіндіктері қарастырылады. Этнодизайнға негізделген шағын жоба арқылы оқушының көркемдік шешімін, материал таңдауын және бұйымның қолданылуын өзара байланыстыру жолдары ұсынылады. Мата қиындысынан қалташалы панно жасау мысалында зерттеу, эскиз әзірлеу, дайындау, сынау және рефлексия кезеңдері сипатталады. Жұмысқа қолжетімділік пен қалыптастырушы бағалауға арналған өлшемдер беріледі. Ұсынылған үлгі мұғалімнің сынып жағдайына бейімдеуіне арналған

The Missing Middle- Why AI in Education Needs Guardrails, Not Hype or Panic

Vusala Farrukh Hasanova — Sun, 27 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Artificial intelligence is being sold to schools, parents, and students as a near-universal good — a tool that personalizes learning, saves teachers time, and helps struggling students catch up. The marketing is confident. The evidence, so far, is not. That gap between promise and proof is the real story here, and it matters more than a simple "AI good" or "AI bad" verdict.
A 2026 case study examining AI tool use in an asynchronous university course found no statistically significant difference in final grades between students who used AI tools and those who didn't [1]. What did predict performance, across both groups, was active engagement with the course, not which tools students used [1]. In other words, the technology itself was not the variable that mattered, which is an uncomfortable finding for an industry whose pitch rests almost entirely on the technology being the variable that matters. This is not an isolated result; it is a symptom of a wider pattern that researchers inside the field of educational technology, not outside critics, have been naming for several years. Neil Selwyn, a leading scholar of education technology, has spent much of the last few years cataloguing the ways AI's educational benefits get overstated. In 2022 he outlined several concerns with the trajectory of AI in schools, warning against uncritical acceptance of industry claims and pointing to the social harms, ideological assumptions, and environmental costs that tend to be left out of the pitch [2]. In a 2024 follow-up, Selwyn argued that the sheer volume of hyperbole surrounding AI has made it harder to think clearly about its actual, lasting educational implications, and cautioned that uncontrolled reliance on these tools risks reducing authentic learning experiences and genuine cognitive engagement [3]. A separate 2024 study built and validated a model of AI's underdiscussed downsides in education, drawing on 56 reviewed studies and a survey of 260 university participants; it confirmed concerns spanning reduced human connection, data privacy and security risks, algorithmic bias, weakened critical thinking, and unequal access, and found these problems tend to compound each other rather than occur in isolation [4]. None of this is fringe skepticism. It is coming from the people who study education technology for a living.

The role of artificial intelligence technologies in the educational environment

Sun, 27 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article is devoted to understanding the digital transformation of higher education in the context of the rapid spread of artificial intelligence technologies. It examines changes in the organization of the educational process, the role of the teacher, the nature of learning tasks, approaches to assessment, and the development of academic integrity. Special attention is paid to students’ language training, since it is working with text, argumentation, translation, and oral and written speech that simultaneously unlocks the productive potential of generative artificial intelligence and fosters a critical attitude towards its results. The article analyses UNESCO’s international guidelines and the regulatory documents of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of artificial intelligence development. A pedagogical model “AI as a tool — human as an author” is proposed, based on step‑by‑step interaction: task definition, generation, verification, editing, argumentation, and reflection. It has been shown that digital transformation should not be limited to the technical equipment of the educational environment: it involves changing the content of competencies, teaching methods, and the culture of scientific and educational activities

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AS A DIGITAL INTERLOCUTOR: TRANSFORMING INTERPERSONAL INTERACTION IN CONTEMPORARY KAZAKHSTAN

Kangtarbayeva Sh. — Sun, 27 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The rapid integration of generative artificial intelligence into everyday life is transforming not only information-seeking and professional practices but also interpersonal communication, advice-seeking, self-disclosure, and emotional support. This study examines how generative AI functions as an adviser, conversational partner, and communicative resource among adults in Almaty, Kazakhstan, focusing on two potentially coexisting processes: interaction substitution, whereby AI partially replaces human interaction in selected communicative and supportive functions, and interaction augmentation, whereby AI facilitates subsequent communication with other people. A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted among 427 adults aged 18 years and older. The analysis included descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, Spearman correlations, group comparisons, and multiple regression modelling. The findings showed that interaction augmentation was more prevalent than interaction substitution. Personal AI use was strongly associated with both substitution and augmentation, while substitution was additionally associated with greater AI self-disclosure and loneliness and with lower perceived social support. AI trust emerged as the strongest independent correlate of interaction augmentation. Significant age differences were also identified, with younger respondents and students reporting substantially higher levels of both forms of AI-mediated interaction. Importantly, substitution and augmentation were positively correlated, indicating that they represent coexisting rather than mutually exclusive patterns of human–AI interaction. The findings suggest that generative AI does not simply replace interpersonal communication but contributes to a broader redistribution of communicative functions between human and technological actors. By providing evidence from Almaty, the study extends the emerging literature on human–AI interaction to a Central Asian urban context and highlights the need to conceptualise generative AI as an increasingly embedded component of contemporary social interaction

BANKLARDA RİSK İŞTAHASI VƏ STRES TEST NƏTİCƏLƏRİNİN STRATEJİ QƏRARLARDA İSTİFADƏSİ

Akıyev Cəmil Azər oğlu — Sun, 27 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Məqalədə bankın risk iştahası, erkən xəbərdarlıq göstəriciləri və stres-test nəticələrinin strateji qərarlara çevrilməsi araşdırılır. Metod kimi Azərbaycan Mərkəzi Bankının 2025-ci il üzrə sektor məlumatlarının təsviri təhlili, qüvvədə olan normativ sənədlərin müqayisəsi və qərar mexanizminin məntiqi modelləşdirilməsi seçilmişdir. Sektorun kapital və likvidlik göstəriciləri bütövlükdə dayanıqlılığa işarə etsə də, kredit keyfiyyətindəki dəyişikliklər və ssenari üzrə mümkün kapital azalması ayrı-ayrı banklarda daha erkən tədbir görməyi tələb edə bilər. Məqalədə göstərici, dözümlülük zonası, məsul şəxs və cavab tədbiri arasında əlaqəni müəyyən edən tətbiqi çərçivə təklif olunur. Sektor üzrə nəticələrin fərdi banklara avtomatik şamil edilə bilməməsi təhlilin əsas məhdudiyyətidir

МАРКЕТИНГОВАЯ ЛОГИСТИКА В СИСТЕМЕ ПРОДВИЖЕНИЯ И РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ПРОДУКЦИИ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОГО ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯ

Sun, 27 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

В статье рассматривается роль маркетинговой логистики в продвижении и распределении продукции промышленного предприятия на примере ТОО «QazTehna» — казахстанского производителя автобусной и коммерческой техники. Актуальность исследования обусловлена тем, что в промышленном маркетинге конкурентоспособность определяется не только характеристиками продукции и ценой, но и способностью предприятия своевременно доводить продукцию до корпоративного потребителя, обеспечивать необходимый уровень сервиса и поддерживать устойчивые информационные связи. Систематизированы теоретические подходы к маркетинговой логистике как результату интеграции маркетинговых и логистических функций. На основе открытых данных QazTehna и материалов предприятия проанализированы ассортимент, производственные возможности, развитие локализации, каналы взаимодействия с корпоративными заказчиками и особенности распределения продукции. Предложены направления совершенствования маркетингово-логистического взаимодействия и система показателей его оценки

A NETWORK-LAYER PROTECTION METHODOLOGY FOR MULTISERVICE COMMUNICATION NETWORKS BASED ON OUT-OF-BAND ANOMALY DETECTION

Guluzade Rasul — Sun, 27 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The convergence of voice, video and data services onto a single packet-switched infrastructure has turned the network layer of multiservice communication networks into a single point of failure: a successful attack on Layer 3 degrades every converged service simultaneously. This paper proposes a protection methodology built on the explicit separation of the data plane from the security plane. Transit traffic remains untouched on the hardware forwarding path, while a mirrored copy delivered through a SPAN port is examined by an out-of-band software sensor, so that analysis latency cannot propagate into transit latency by construction. The methodology covers four threat vectors specific to converged environments — source address spoofing, overlapping-fragment attacks, volumetric Layer 3 floods, and manipulation of Differentiated Services markings — the last of which receives comparatively little attention in the literature despite being characteristic of multiservice networks. A prototype sensor was implemented in Go and evaluated on a virtual testbed. Benchmarking places per-packet processing cost between 34.6 ns and 1850 ns depending on detector complexity, three to four orders of magnitude below the end-to-end delay budget for voice traffic defined by ITU-T G.114. Functional testing against a synthetic traffic capture confirmed correct classification of all four attack classes with no false positives on legitimate traffic.

MÜASİR CƏMİYYƏTDƏ VİRTUAL ÜNSİYYƏT VƏ EMPATİYA

Salatın Hacıyeva — Sun, 27 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Məqalədə müasir kommunikasiya vasitələrinin başqalarının emosional vəziyyətini anlamaq və hiss etmək qabiliyyətinin (empatiyanın) formalaşmasına necə təsir etdiyi araşdırılır. Məqalədə onlayn ünsiyyət mühitinin insanların, xüsusilə gənclərin empatik bacarıqlarına təsiri haqqında mövcud elmi mənbələrdə yer alan ziddiyyətli yanaşmalar tədqiq edilərək ümumiləşdirilmişdir. Tədqiqatlarda iddia edilir ki, sosial dərketmənin sağlam inkişafı üçün onlayn ünsiyyət formaları ilə canlı münasibətlər arasında düzgün tarazlıq qorunmalıdır. Tədqiqat çərçivəsində gənclərin və humanitar sahədə təhsil alan tələbələrin üstünlük verdikləri ünsiyyət vasitələrindən (üzbəüz görüşlər, sosial platformalar, telefon zəngləri, videozənglər və internet resursları) asılı olaraq empatik göstəricilərinin necə dəyişdiyi təhlil olunmuşdur

INVESTIGATION OF ATTACHMENT CHARACTERISTICS AND PARENTAL ATTITUDES IN CHILDREN WITH COGNITIVE PROBLEMS

Nargiz Firdovsi Sultan — Sun, 27 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Self-regulation deficits, including problems with impulse control, self-soothing, assertiveness, persistence, patience, and inhibition, are the most prominent features of ADHD. It has been suggested that the roots of the self-regulation disorder seen in children with ADHD may stem from tense early interactions between caregiver and child and impaired primary attachment. Studies have shown that individuals with insecure attachment are more susceptible to problems with affective and behavioral regulation. The prominence of social deficits in ADHD provides evidence of a compelling similarity between the developmental consequences of insecure attachment and the difficulties seen in children with ADHD. In one study, it was predicted that parental over-involvement in children at 6 months of age had a stronger influence on distractibility in early childhood and hyperactivity in middle childhood than biological and temperament-related factors. Additionally, it points to the fact that early relationship histories of children with ADHD are similar to those of children with insecure attachment

QADINLARDA PSİXİ POZUNTULARIN MÜƏYYƏN GÖSTƏRİCİLƏRİ: EPİDEMİOLOJİ, KLİNİK, BİOLOJİ VƏ PSİXOSOSİAL SÜBUTLARIN İNTEQRATİV İCMALI

Solmaz Musa qızı Bayramova — Sun, 27 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Qadınlar geniş yayılmış psixi pozuntuların dünya üzrə yükünün böyük hissəsini daşıyırlar. Bu icmal qadınlarda psixi pozuntuların göstəriciləri barədə elmdə qəbul olunmuş bilikləri bir yerə toplayır. "Göstəricilər" dedikdə üç şey nəzərdə tutulur: statistik göstəricilər — bu xəstəliklər nə qədər yayılıb, hansı yaşda başlayır və nə qədər ziyan vurur; klinik əlamətlər — xəstəlik qadınlarda özünü necə göstərir; və risk əlamətləri ilə yoxlama vasitələri — hansı hadisələr riski artırır və hansı sadə anketlərlə riskli qadınları erkən tapmaq olar. Bütün mədəniyyətlərdə depressiya və narahatlıq (anksiyete) pozuntuları qadınlarda kişilərə nisbətən təxminən iki dəfə çoxdur; fərq yetkinlik dövründə yaranır və qadın həyatının xüsusi dövrləri ilə formalaşır: aybaşıdan əvvəlki ağır əhval pozuntusu (PMDP) reproduktiv yaşda olan qadınların təqribən 1,6-8 faizində olur; hamiləlik və doğuşla bağlı depressiya dünyada qadınların 10 faizindən çoxuna təsir edir; menopauza ərəfəsi isə depressiya riskini iki-dörd dəfə artırır. Eksperimentlər göstərir ki, əsas bioloji səbəb hormon pozğunluğu deyil, bəzi qadınların beyninin normal hormon dəyişikliklərinə xüsusi həssaslığıdır; bu həssaslıq stress sistemi və sosial təsirlərlə — ilk növbədə ailə və cinsi zorakılıqla — birlikdə fəaliyyət göstərir. Praktik nəticələr: hər qadından qısa reproduktiv-psixiatrik tarixçə soruşmaq, əlverişli məqamlarda sadə anketlərlə (PHQ-9, GAD-7, EPDS, PSST) müntəzəm yoxlama aparmaq və yüksək riskli qruplarda intihar riskini mütləq qiymətləndirmək. Kasıb ölkələr üzrə məlumat azlığı, bioloji testlərin yoxluğu və yoxlamadan müalicəyə gedən yolun problemləri də müzakirə olunur

Innovation, Competitiveness and Forecasting as Paradigmatic Principles of Self-Development of Higher Education in the 21st Century: In the Context of Immunology and Medical Education

Barat Gauhar, Kudaibergenova Aizhan Zhakanbayevna — Sun, 27 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This paper explores three core paradigmatic principles that define the self-development of higher education in the 21st century — innovation, competitiveness and forecasting — and systematically analyzes their connotations, values and implementation paths in the system of higher medical education, with a special integration of the content of immunology. It explains how these principles respond to the evolving demands of modern medicine and healthcare, drive the reform of educational content, methods and technologies, and help cultivate high-quality medical talents capable of meeting both current and future needs. Combined with the characteristics of immunology — an interdisciplinary, rapidly developing and clinically fundamental discipline — this paper discusses the specific strategies, practical measures and application effects of embedding these principles into teaching, learning and research activities. The research aims to provide theoretical support and practical reference for optimizing the training system of medical professionals, improving the quality of immunology education, and enhancing the overall competitiveness and sustainable development capability of medical universities.

THE CONCEPT OF FAMILY-CENTERED APPROACH IN THE REHABILITATION OF CHILDREN WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER

Samatkyzy Shugyla, Anambayeva Aigul Ibadullayevna — Sun, 27 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article explores the theoretical foundations and practical implementation of the family-centered approach in the comprehensive rehabilitation of children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Moving away from traditional clinical models, this paradigm recognizes that active parental involvement is critical, as the home environment serves as the primary foundation for a child's progress. The study analyzes how collaborative care - characterized by shared decision-making between specialists and families - enhances the long-term effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. Key outcomes indicate that integrating these strategies not only accelerates the child's development but also significantly improves the overall family quality of life by mitigating caregiver stress. Ultimately, the paper argues for a systematic shift toward family-oriented strategies within modern medical and educational frameworks to ensure sustainable outcomes.

THE SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE ON THE ADVANCEMENT OF DRUG SAFETY, PHARMACOVIGILANCE, PHARMACOLOGY, AND PHARMACOTHERAPEUTIC OUTCOMES: A MULTISCALAR INTEGRATION OF MOLECULAR AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, ADVERSE DRUG REACTION SURVEILLANCE, CAUSAL INFERENCE, PHARMACO

Sun, 27 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The contemporary transformation of drug safety science necessitates a paradigmatic integration of pharmacovigilance, molecular and clinical pharmacology, pharmacotherapy, pharmacoepidemiology, regulatory science, and population health within an increasingly complex therapeutic ecosystem. This scientific discourse critically examines the evolutionary advancement of drug-safety paradigms from predominantly spontaneous adverse drug reaction reporting toward multidimensional, evidence-integrated, analytically sophisticated, and prevention-oriented pharmacovigilance architectures capable of identifying, characterizing, validating, contextualizing, and mitigating medication-related risks throughout the medicinal-product lifecycle. Particular emphasis is placed on the conceptual convergence of mechanistic pharmacology with clinical pharmacology and pharmacotherapeutic decision-making, whereby pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, pharmacogenomic, immunological, and molecular determinants of therapeutic response and adverse drug reactions become increasingly relevant to individualized safety characterization. Within this framework, pharmacovigilance is conceptualized not merely as post-marketing surveillance, but as an integrative safety science encompassing adverse drug reaction detection, signal generation, signal prioritization, disproportionality analysis, signal validation, causality assessment, risk stratification, exposure–outcome characterization, and longitudinal benefit–risk evaluation. The discourse further examines the expanding contribution of pharmacoepidemiological methodologies and real-world evidence to the detection of rare, delayed, population-specific, interaction-mediated, and context-dependent medication harms that may remain insufficiently characterized within conventional clinical-development paradigms. Multisource evidence derived from spontaneous reporting systems, electronic health records, administrative claims databases, clinical registries, observational cohorts, prescription and dispensing datasets, patient-generated information, and other real-world data environments can enhance the analytical resolution of drug-safety surveillance when appropriately harmonized, validated, and interpreted. Particular attention is directed toward the methodological challenges of confounding, channeling bias, indication bias, exposure misclassification, outcome misclassification, underreporting, stimulated reporting, missingness, heterogeneity, and temporal ambiguity, all of which may influence the validity and generalizability of pharmacovigilance inferences. The analysis also situates contemporary safety-signal intelligence within emerging computational and quantitative methodologies, including disproportionality-based signal detection, Bayesian approaches, data-mining algorithms, causal inference frameworks, machine-learning-assisted surveillance, artificial-intelligence-enabled pattern recognition, network-based pharmacological analysis, and integrated pharmacogenomic and pharmacoproteomic approaches. These methodologies offer opportunities to move from retrospective recognition of adverse events toward earlier identification of clinically meaningful safety signals and more proactive risk prediction. Nevertheless, computational sophistication does not eliminate the necessity for biological plausibility, clinical adjudication, epidemiological validation, transparent methodological governance, and regulatory interpretation. Accordingly, pharmacovigilance is presented as an epistemically pluralistic discipline in which computational signals require triangulation across mechanistic, clinical, epidemiological, and regulatory evidence streams before therapeutic or policy implications can be established. A central dimension of the discourse concerns the reciprocal relationship between pharmacology and pharmacotherapy. Pharmacological knowledge provides the mechanistic foundation for understanding receptor-mediated effects, dose–response relationships, pharmacokinetic variability, drug–drug interactions, drug–disease interactions, off-target effects, and susceptibility determinants, whereas pharmacotherapy translates such knowledge into therapeutic decision-making across heterogeneous patient populations. Drug safety therefore cannot be dissociated from therapeutic appropriateness, medication optimization, adherence, polypharmacy, deprescribing, dosing individualization, therapeutic drug monitoring, and clinical risk communication. Benefit–risk assessment consequently requires dynamic consideration of therapeutic efficacy, treatment necessity, adverse-event probability, severity, preventability, patient characteristics, treatment alternatives, and uncertainty across different stages of clinical use. Medication-harm mitigation is further examined as a multidimensional process encompassing risk minimization, medication reconciliation, prescribing optimization, interaction prevention, monitoring strategies, pharmacotherapeutic stewardship, patient and professional education, active surveillance, regulatory interventions, and post-authorization safety evaluation. Within this architecture, regulatory pharmacovigilance assumes a pivotal role in transforming safety evidence into proportionate risk-management actions, including labeling modifications, safety communications, restricted-use strategies, monitoring requirements, additional post-marketing studies, and other measures designed to preserve therapeutic benefit while reducing preventable harm. Effective regulatory risk governance therefore depends upon continuous evidence generation and iterative reassessment rather than static preauthorization determinations. The discourse extends drug-safety considerations from individual-level clinical protection to population-level health consequences. Variability in medication exposure, prescribing practices, healthcare access, pharmacogenetic composition, comorbidity burden, socioeconomic determinants, and health-system infrastructure can generate heterogeneous patterns of therapeutic benefit and medication-related harm across populations. Public health pharmacovigilance consequently requires integration of individual clinical signals with population-level epidemiological surveillance, health-system intelligence, regulatory coordination, and equitable risk communication. The resulting framework positions contemporary drug safety as a dynamic translational continuum connecting molecular pharmacological mechanisms, clinical pharmacotherapy, real-world evidence, pharmacoepidemiological inference, pharmacovigilance intelligence, regulatory risk governance, and population health protection. Such an integrated paradigm may strengthen the capacity of healthcare and regulatory systems to anticipate emerging medication risks, refine therapeutic benefit–risk characterization and reduce preventable medication-related morbidity, and support safer, more rational, evidence-informed pharmacotherapy throughout the medicinal-product lifecycle.

DOSIMETRIC ASSESSMENT AND BIOHEAT ANALYSIS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC EXPOSURE IN PEDIATRIC TISSUES

Tamar Nozadze, Giorgi Ghvedashvili — Sun, 27 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Widespread deployment of Wi-Fi and cellular networks has significantly increased human-made electromagnetic (EM) pollution, disrupting natural background levels and spurring debate over the long-term health risks of continuous high-frequency exposure. Quantifying how radiofrequency radiation interacts with biological tissue is complex and frequency-dependent, making accurate assessment essential for public health and biomedical engineering. This research presents a numerical analysis of thermal effects across relevant communication bands using a child anatomical model, reflecting the heightened vulnerability of developing systems and higher tissue water content in children. Simulations carried out in FDTDLab using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method modeled wave propagation and dielectric heating based on real-world field measurements. We quantified energy deposition using whole-body and localized (1g and 10g) Specific Absorption Rates (SAR), alongside thermal modeling for localized hotspots and systemic stress. Comparing these results with IEEE and ICNIRP guidelines offers crucial evidence regarding EM safety in pediatric populations

Drug Synergy and Antagonism: Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Drug Combination Effects

Sun, 27 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The combined administration of therapeutic agents is a foundational strategy of modern pharmacology, yet the distinction between a clinically successful drug combination and a harmful or ineffective one rests on complex molecular and cellular phenomena. This review synthesizes current understanding of drug synergy and antagonism, beginning with the quantitative frameworks, including Loewe additivity, Bliss independence, the combination index method, and isobolographic analysis, that allow synergism and antagonism to be defined and measured in a scientifically rigorous manner. The molecular and cellular mechanisms that generate supra-additive or sub-additive effects are then examined across therapeutic domains. In oncology, synergy arises from parallel pathway blockade, synthetic lethality, DNA damage response manipulation, apoptotic priming, and reversal of multidrug resistance; in infectious disease, it emerges from sequential blockade of biosynthetic pathways, enhanced intracellular drug accumulation, and drug-induced sensitization. Pharmacokinetic mechanisms, including cytochrome P450 inhibition and induction, transporter-mediated interactions, and altered distribution, are distinguished from true pharmacodynamic interactions at target level. Antagonism, long considered a purely undesirable outcome, is analyzed mechanistically and reinterpreted in light of evolutionary studies showing that antagonistic interactions can restrain the emergence of resistance. Systems-level perspectives, including network pharmacology and higher-order interaction analysis, are integrated throughout. Finally, the methodological pitfalls that afflict combination studies, the challenges of clinical translation, and emerging strategies for rational combination design are critically appraised. A central conclusion is that synergy is not a property of two molecules alone but of a drug pair acting within a defined biological, genetic, and physiological context.

СЫРДАРИЯ ӨЗЕНІ ӨСІМДІКТЕРІНІҢ ТАРАЛУ ЕРЕКШІЛІГІ

Есимбеков Асқар Андашович — Sun, 27 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Бұл мақалада Түркістан облысы аумағында орналасқан Сырдария–Түркістан мемлекеттік өңірлік табиғи паркінің Сырдария өзені жайылмасындағы өсімдік жамылғысының таралу ерекшеліктері қарастырылды. Зерттеу барысында парктың ресми материалдары, флористикалық зерттеулер, ғылыми жарияланымдар және Сырдария өзені аңғарының өсімдік жамылғысына қатысты әдеби деректер талданды.
Өсімдіктердің таралуына өзен суының режимі, топырақтың ылғалдылығы мен тұздылығы, жер бедері, грунт суларының орналасуы және антропогендік әсер негізгі факторлар ретінде ықпал етеді. Өзенге жақын ылғалды учаскелерде қамыс, тал, тораңғы, жиде және түрлі шалғындық өсімдіктер басым болса, өзеннен алыстаған сайын жыңғыл, шеңгел, жусан, сораң және басқа да құрғақшылық пен тұздануға төзімді өсімдіктердің үлесі артады. Ерекше назар тораңғы ормандарына аударылады, себебі олар Сырдария аңғарының табиғи экожүйелерін тұрақтандыруда және биоалуантүрлілікті сақтауда маңызды рөл атқарады. Зерттеу нәтижелері Сырдария жайылмасындағы өсімдіктердің кеңістіктік таралуы гидрологиялық жағдайлармен тығыз байланысты екенін көрсетті

ЛИЧНОСТЬ АХМЕТА ЖУБАНОВА В ВОСПОМИНАНИЯХ БАГЫБЕКА КУНДАКБАЕВА: ЭТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ

Омарова Аклима Каирденовна, Казтуганова Айнур Жасанбергеновна — Sun, 27 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Статья посвящена личности академика Ахмета Жубанова в воспоминаниях театроведа, доктора искусствоведения Багыбека Кундакбаева «Дни, проведенные вместе с Ахметом Жубановым». На основе мемуарных свидетельств показаны три взаимосвязанных аспекта личности ученого: человечность, мера интеллигентности и научная этика. Особое внимание уделяется поддержке А.Жубановым молодых исследователей, его наставнической деятельности, культуре научной дискуссии, принципиальности в вопросах изучения национального искусства и профессиональным взаимоотношениям с коллегами. Выявляется значение воспоминаний Б.Кундакбаева как источника, дополняющего биографию А.Жубанова и позволяющего раскрыть его человеческие и аналитические качества. Определяется преемственность научно-наставнической традиции, связующей деятельность А.Жубанова и Б.Кундакбаева в развитии отечественного искусствоведения

Қазақтың падишаһы Қасқа жолды Қасым хан

Sun, 27 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Мақалада Қасым ханның Қазақ хандығын ұлы державаға айналдыруға қосқан үлесі, шекаралас елдермен жүргізген соғыстары мен Дешті-Қыпшақтағы саяси оқиғаларға ықпалы бағамдалады. Қасым хан және оның ұрпақтары жүргізген саясат салдарынан аймақта Хиуа хандығы, Моғол хандығы, Ұлы Моғол империясы, Бұхар хандығы мен Сефевидтер мемлекеттерінің құрылуы және күшеюі орын алды. Қасым ханның Шайбани ұрпақтарымен күрделі қарым-қатынасына баға берілді. Әсіресе Қазақ хандығының сефевидтермен қарым-қатынасы жаңа қырынан талданды. Әртүрлі мемлекеттердің саяси құрылымдарын талдау үшін тарихи-салыстырмалы талдау, әр оқиғаны рет бойынша тізіп жазу үшін мәселелі хронологиялық әдіс және тақырып мазмұнын жүйелі түрде жеткізу үшін жүйелілік-құрылымдық талдау қолданылды