Reviews of Modern Science

Impact de la Masse Salariale sur l’Inflation à Madagascar : Une Analyse Empirique via un Modèle VAR

2025-07-14T00:07:30+00:00

This study investigates the impact of public wage expenditure on inflation in Madagascar over the period from 2000 to 2023. Using a Vector Autoregression (VAR) model, the study explores the dynamic relationship between government wage policies and inflation, while also considering the effects of other key macroeconomic variables such as monetary supply, real GDP, and exchange rates. The results confirm a significant and robust relationship between public wage increases and inflation, with a noticeable inflationary peak occurring within two years following an increase in public salaries. The impulse response functions indicate that inflation rises by nearly 0.9 percentage points on average, with the effects persisting over a medium-term horizon (up to five years). Furthermore, the variance decomposition shows that public wage expenditure accounts for up to 31% of inflationary fluctuations over five years, highlighting the structural importance of wage policy in Madagascar's macroeconomic equilibrium. The study also emphasizes the limitations of the VAR model, including its inability to account for informal economic factors and the lack of regional data. The findings suggest the need for more comprehensive policies that balance wage increases with productive investment to mitigate inflationary pressures and enhance economic stability

ETUDE SUR L’EFFICACITE DE L’INTERMEDIATION BANCAIRE MALAGASY ET SON IMPACT SUR LE TAUX DE CROISSANCE ECONOMIQUE DE MADAGASCAR

2025-07-14T00:12:04+00:00

L’objectif principal de ce travail était d’étudier l’efficacité de l’intermédiaire bancaire Malagasy et son impact à court terme sur le taux de croissance économique de Madagascar en employant la technique du modèle Vectoriel Autorégressif Structurel durant la période de l’année 2000 à l’année 2023. Pour cela, nous utilisons les quatre variables suivantes : est la variation de l’inflation, est la variation du taux débiteur, est la variation du crédit bancaire et est le taux de croissance économique.

La lecture des graphiques des réponses impulsionnelles et l’analyse de la décomposition de la variance aux chocs confirment que nos hypothèses d’identifications sont bien validées. Les résultats ont montré que la majorité (plus de 49%) de la variance du taux de croissance économique est expliquée par les deux chocs (choc du taux débiteur et choc du crédit bancaire). Ce qui explique que l’intermédiation bancaire aurait des effets à court terme sur le taux de croissance économique.

Choix du régime de change et dynamique de la balance extérieure de biens et services : l’expérience africaine

2025-07-14T00:20:44+00:00

This article examines the impact of de jure exchange rate regimes (fixed, intermediate, floating) on the evolution of the external balance of goods and services in ten sub-Saharan African countries between 2000 and 2023. Using both a theoretical framework inspired by economic theories and statistical analysis, we show that intermediate regimes offer the best compromise between external stability and internal flexibility. Fixed regimes, while reassuring in calm periods, leave exporters dependent on particular products such as oil highly exposed to commodity price shocks, while floating regimes allow automatic adjustment but suffer from increased exchange rate volatility. Descriptive statistics and correlation studies confirm the strength and veracity of these results

Lien de causalité entre la quantité de monnaie en circulation et le niveau général des prix à Madagascar

2025-07-14T00:29:29+00:00

Monetary economics, following the transition from barter, gave rise to the concepts of price and inflation. According to the pioneers of quantitative theory such as Azpilcueta, Copernicus, and Bodin, inflation results from an increase in the money supply outpacing production ; an observation made in Europe at the end of the 15th century. This theory was formalized by Irving Fisher in 1911, who emphasized the neutrality of money. In contrast, Schumpeter asserted its non-neutrality through credit-induced economic growth. Later, Friedman (1970) distinguished between long-term neutrality and short-term non-neutrality of money. This study aims to analyze the causal relationship between the M3 money aggregate and the general price level (CPI) in Madagascar from 1993 to 2022 using the Granger causality test (1969) with the EViews software. Four assumptions are made : full employment, exogeneity of money, price flexibility, and monetary illusion. The results show that there is no causal link between M3 and CPI during this period. We did not perform the Johansen cointegration test (1988) or the Engle-Granger Error Correction Model (1987), as the M3 series is integrated of order two (I(2)) and the CPI series is integrated of order one (I(1)). Using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method, a 100% increase in M3 results in only a 1.2% rise in prices. In contrast, GDP increases by 71.26%, confirming the short-term non-neutrality of money. A long-term analysis spanning over 100 years along, a review of medium-term data and the implementation of a well-managed expansionary monetary policy are recommended

THE IMPACT OF NETWORK READINESS INDEX INDICATORS ON THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR

2025-07-14T02:05:35+00:00

This study explores the impact of the Network Readiness Index (NRI) on the agricultural sector, with a particular focus on upper middle-income, lower middle-income and low income countries. While previous research has examined the relationship between digital infrastructure and overall economic development, this paper is among the first to quantitatively analyze the connection between specific NRI sub-indicators and agricultural productivity. Using regression analysis, the study finds that variables such as internet domain registration, online access to financial accounts, mobile application development, and government online services significantly influence GDP per capita (PPP). Furthermore, rural digital payment adoption and mobile app development were found to have a positive effect on the value added per agricultural worker. These findings underscore the importance of targeted digital transformation policies for enhancing agricultural productivity and suggest that incorporating NRI metrics into agricultural policy design can support more effective rural development strategies

Restoration of Cultural Heritage and Strategies for Creating a Diplomatic Image in Azerbaijan's Post-Conflict Territories

2025-07-14T02:09:45+00:00

Following the 2020 Patriotic War, a large-scale reconstruction and rehabilitation process has been launched in Azerbaijan’s territories liberated from occupation. One of the main directions of this process is the restoration and international promotion of cultural heritage sites that were either destroyed or severely damaged. This article analyzes the measures undertaken in this area, the challenges encountered, and the strategies employed by Azerbaijan to build a diplomatic image based on cultural heritage. Relying on both local and international legal instruments, ongoing projects, and diplomatic initiatives, the research highlights the strategic importance of cultural heritage during the post-conflict phase. The article also examines opportunities for cooperation with UNESCO, initiatives in cultural diplomacy through international media and the diaspora, and the geopolitical utilization of restored monuments in Karabakh. The findings indicate that cultural heritage serves not only for the restoration of national identity but also as an effective tool for conveying messages to the international community

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF AN ORGANIZATION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES

2025-07-14T02:49:59+00:00

In the era of rapid technological advancement, artificial intelligence (AI) is emerging as a pivotal force in the transformation of strategic management in organizations. This research aims to explore the influence of AI on strategic planning, evaluation, and decision-making processes across diverse industries.

The study employs a combination of analytical and comparative methods, including case studies and SWOT analysis, to comprehensively assess the impact of AI on management practices. Through an examination of theoretical frameworks and real-world examples, such as Amazon, Alibaba, and Siemens, the research identifies the key benefits of AI implementation, including enhanced forecasting accuracy, streamlined business processes, and improved strategic adaptability.

However, the study also highlights the main obstacles, including the high implementation costs, the shortage of qualified personnel, and ethical considerations.. The findings of the SWOT analysis demonstrate that the successful implementation of AI into strategic management necessitates a structured approach, a high level of digital preparedness, and a willingness to embrace organizational change. The research emphasizes the importance of striking a balance between technological advancement and the cultivation of human capital, which is essential for long-term business success in the era of digital transformation

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOURISM AND SERVICES SECTOR ALONG THE MIDDLE CORRIDOR

2025-07-14T02:55:08+00:00

The article examines the role of the infrastructure of international transport corridors in the development of the tourism sector, in particular, the positive impact of the opening of the Zangezur corridor on the development of the tourism and services sector is explored. In the course of research, the article analyzes the current state of the tourism sector and the importance of public-private partnership mechanisms that will be used to develop tourism in territories liberated from occupation.

The Future of Employees and the Transformational Role of Human Resources in the Job Market: Challenges, Strategies, and Personal Brand Development

2025-07-14T03:43:26+00:00

The corporate world is in constant transformation, driven by factors such as globalization, technological advances, and changes in social expectations. This paper explores the essential characteristics of future employees, the impact of current challenges such as artificial intelligence (AI) and remote work on Human Resources (HR), and the growing importance of building a personal brand in professional development. Analyzing the required skills, the challenges HR faces, and strategies to increase visibility in the market, the paper concludes that HR professionals must position themselves as strategic and innovative agents. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need to adapt to the new dynamics of work and develop a solid personal brand to ensure relevance and leadership in the labor market.

Comparative analysis of the agreement of the auxiliary verbs “avoir” and “être” according to gender and quantity

2025-07-14T01:53:03+00:00

In the grammar of the French language, the similarities and differences in the agreement of the Participe Passe forms in terms of gender and quantity in the complex forms formed using different tense forms of the verbs avoir and etre are thoroughly analyzed. Thus, while the Participe Passe forms of verbs formed with the verb avoir in these tenses do not agree with the subject to which they belong in terms of gender and quantity, the agreement of the Participe Passe forms of verbs formed with the verb etre in terms of gender and quantity is once again confirmed

Name as a cognitive category in the English linguistic worldview

2025-07-14T01:56:20+00:00

This project sets out to explore the cognitive underpinnings involved in naming a person in the English language, as well as to investigate the semantic, word-formative, and discursive characteristics inherent in such terms of reference. The concept of “name” stands among the most fundamental ontological categories, on par in importance with categories such as “time,” “space,” and “movement.” Consequently, analyzing how culturally influenced interpretations of a person extend not only to one’s perception of the surrounding world but also to self-awareness is of considerable pertinence.

The present work addresses two varieties of lexical items. The first type includes undifferentiated designations of a person terms that do not convey the referent’s age, gender, intellectual capacity, social standing, professional role, or any other particular qualities, while simultaneously representing a highly abstract notion of a name in modern English-speaking linguistic culture. The second type comprises novel (both established and occasional) lexical items signifying “person.” Even though these newer units are more specialized to some extent, they remain free of explicit gender, age, or occupational markers and have entered the English lexicon in recent decades. Special emphasis is placed on the most contemporary designations that have not yet been documented in leading lexicographic sources. By employing a wide-ranging cognitive-discursive lens to examine this linguistic material, it becomes possible to identify the cognitive processes behind name naming and to trace how linguistic creativity brings new forms into being.

The Efficacy of Active Learning Strategies in Enhancing Student Engagement and Academic Performance

2025-07-14T03:37:12+00:00

Active learning has emerged as one of the most effective teaching strategies in contemporary education. This article explores the principles of active learning, its various forms, and the empirical evidence supporting its effectiveness in improving student engagement and academic performance. By fostering a more interactive and participatory classroom environment, active learning not only enhances knowledge retention but also cultivates critical thinking and collaboration skills among students.

THE SOUTH CAUCASUS AND ITS GEOGRAPHICAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL IMPORTANCE

2025-07-14T02:37:41+00:00

The Caucasus region is historically an important geographical space where East and West, North and South intersect. This territory, in addition to constituting one of the most complex geopolitical and ethnic mosaics in the world, is also distinguished by its rich natural resources, favorable climatic conditions and transit routes. The article analyzes the fact that the Caucasus has been in the sphere of interest of various empires since ancient times, and the impact of political changes taking place here on the geopolitical status of the region. From a historical-geographical point of view, not only the physical-geographical features of the Caucasus are taken into account, but also socio-cultural and political-strategic factors. The article also emphasizes the role of the region in energy resources, transport communications and international relations in modern times. As a result of the research, it is concluded that the strategic importance of the Caucasus has not decreased over time, but, on the contrary, has increased further against the background of the interests of global and regional powers

European Supranational Identity in the context of Liberal World Order

2025-07-14T02:45:04+00:00

This article explores the evolution and challenges of European supranational identity within the context of the liberal world order. Rooted in the post–World War II project of integration, the European Union (EU) has developed as a unique supranational entity grounded in liberal democratic norms, multilateralism, and the rule of law. As a self-proclaimed normative power, the EU has sought to project these values globally through diplomacy, trade, and institutional influence. However, this identity is increasingly contested. Internally, the rise of nationalism, democratic backsliding, and divisions over sovereignty have strained the cohesion and legitimacy of EU governance. Externally, the retreat of U.S. leadership under the Trump administration’s “America First” doctrine and Europe’s continued reliance on NATO have exposed the limits of EU strategic autonomy. The article outlines several future trajectories for the EU—ranging from deeper integration and strategic autonomy to normative retrenchment or decline into intergovernmentalism—and argues that the Union’s ability to adapt without abandoning its core values will be critical to its continued role as a pillar of a reimagined liberal world order.

Azerbaijan's geopolitical position: searching for balance between global powers

2025-07-14T03:33:22+00:00

Azerbaijan’s geopolitical position significantly enhances its strategic importance both in the Caucasus region and globally. Located at the crossroads of East and West, North and South, Azerbaijan has become a key actor in the region due to its energy resources and transport-logistics capabilities. Maintaining balanced relations with major powers such as Russia, Iran, Turkey, and the West remains a core strategic priority for Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan’s balancing policy is based on a complex network of relations cooperation with Russia within the CIS and CSTO frameworks, strategic partnership and military-political alliance with Turkey, and energy security and economic ties with Western countries. At the same time, ethno-political issues and border security concerns with Iran remain geopolitical risks. This balancing strategy increases Azerbaijan’s maneuverability in the multipolar world order, preserves domestic stability, and enables flexible responses to shifting regional power dynamics. In the future, deepening energy diplomacy, strengthening security cooperation, and advancing regional integration can further consolidate Azerbaijan’s geopolitical position.

Şagirdlərin tərbiyəsində valideynin və məktəbin rolu

2025-07-13T23:16:00+00:00

Uşaq şəxsiyyətinin formalaşmasında ailənin rolu əvəzedilməzdir. Gənc nəslin tərbiyəsi ailənin başlıca funksiyalarından, valideynlərin isə ən mühüm vəzifələrindən biridi. Dediyimiz müxtəlif xarakterli yaxşı və pis uşaqların hər ikisinin atası, anası,nənəsi, babası var . Lakin valideynlərin öz - özlüyündə uşaqları tənbəl, işgüzar, çılğın, xeyirxah,ərköyün və s, böyüdür və beləliklə də pis və yaxşı uşaq məfhumu ilə qarşılaşırıq.Elə valideynlər var ki,uşağın tərbiyəsi ilə yaxşı məşğul olmur,uşağına daha çox vaxt ayıra bilmir və nəticədə övlad çətin tərbiyə olunan uşağa çevrilir. Valideyn uşağı döyür.Lakin bilmir ki,uşağı döyməklə tərbiyə etmək olmaz.Valideynin döyülməsi ilə böyüyən uşaqlar qorxaq olur və qorxudan yalan danışır və hətta daha pis yola düşürlər.

Belə ki, valideynin hər bir hərəkəti, davranışı uşaq üçün canlı nümunə rolunu oynayır və ona əsaslı təsir göstərir. Görkəmli pedaqoq A.S. Makarenko demişdir: “Siz uşağınızı yalnız onunla danışanda və ya onu öyrədəndə, yaxud ona əmr verəndə tərbiyələndirmirsiniz. Siz onu həyatınızın hər bir anında, hətta evdə olmadığınız zamanda da tərbiyə edirsiniz. Siz necə geyinirsiniz, başqa adamlarla və başqaları haqqında necə danışırsınız, necə sevinir, necə kədərlənirsiniz, dostlar və düşmənlərlə necə rəftar edirsiniz və s. bütün bunların uşaq üçün böyük əhəmiyyəti vardır. Uşaq sizin həyatınızın ahəngindəki ən kiçik dəyişiklikləri görür, yaxud hiss edir, sizin fikrinizin bütün dönüşləri gözə görünməyən yollarla ona çatır, siz bunları görmürsünüz”.

Pedagogical Foundations of the Jumple Fitness Program: Structuring Motor Learning through Rebound Training

2025-07-14T02:42:11+00:00

The Jumple fitness program is a structured system of group workouts based on rebound training using specially designed rebound shoes. Developed by international trainers, the program emphasizes a pedagogically grounded approach to motor learning, incorporating progressive skill development, motivational engagement, and inclusive practices. This paper explores the pedagogical foundations of the Jumple methodology, highlighting how its structure facilitates motor skill acquisition through multisensory learning, repetition, rhythm, and safe progression.

The program is designed to accommodate a wide range of participants — from beginners to advanced practitioners, including individuals recovering from injury — by adapting physical load and complexity. The role of the instructor is redefined from simple demonstrator to active facilitator, guiding learners through biomechanically efficient movement patterns while fostering community and enjoyment. Special attention is given to teaching strategies such as mirrored demonstration, rhythmic counting, and verbal cues, all of which enhance coordination and retention.

The findings are based on observational data, practitioner experience, and user feedback from diverse populations. The study concludes that Jumple serves not only as a fitness modality but also as an innovative educational framework for structured physical learning, with the potential for integration into wellness education, adult learning, and rehabilitation contexts.

БІЛІМ БЕРУДЕГІ ҚҰЗІРЕТТІЛІК БАҒЫТ

2025-07-14T03:40:30+00:00

Қазақстандық ғалымдар (М.Ж.Жадрина, С.Д.Мұқанова, Н.Н.Нұрахметов) тарапынан білімге деген жаңаша көзқарастарды саралау және білім сапасын арттыру мақсатында жаңа ізденіс-зерттеулер жүргізіліп, білім беру мақсатын жеке тұлғаның дамуымен бірлікте қарастыруды көздейтін, әлемнің көптеген дамыған елдерінің білім саласында жүйелі түрде іске асуы негізінде оң көрсеткіштерге қол жеткізіп келе жатқан «Нәтижеге бағдарланған білім» моделін өзіміздің «ұлттық болмысымызға, негізге алынған ұстанымдарымызға сай» ұштастыру ұсынылды. Сонымен қатар жаңа бағыттағы білім мазмұны анықталды: білім мазмұнының макромоделі – Тарих – Білім – Мәдениет болып белгіленді. Мұнда лингвомәденитанымдық аспектілерге ерекше көңіл бөлінді. Ол тіл – мәдениет – білім үшеуін бірлікте меңгеруді ұсынды. Пәнді оқытудың нәтижесі ана тілінде сауатты сөйлеу, жазу, өз ойын еркін жеткізу деп белгіленді. Бұл тілді оқытудың нәтижесін сөйлесім әрекеті түрінде белгілеуге негіз болды.

Сонымен қатар білім берудегі жаңа идеологияны іздестіруге әлеуметтік және педагогикалық факторлар да өзек болып отыр. Оның негізгілерінің бірі ретінде қоғамның жылдам өзгеріп, тез қарқынмен дамуын айтуға болады. Осыған орай, мектептегі берілетін білім шынайы өмірдегі өзгерістермен ұштастырылатындай бағытта құрылып, мектеп бітіруші түлектерді үлкен өмірге дайындау қажеттігі туындап отыр. Мектеп түлектерін өмірде болып жатқан өзгерістерге дайындау және білім беруді заман ағымына сай жетілдіру мақсатында ұсынылып отырған «Нәтижеге бағдарланған білім» моделінің соңғы нәтижесі – оқушылардың игерген құзіреттіліктері (компетенттіліктері) болмақ.

The Impact of Urban Development on the Air Quality of Almaty City

2025-07-14T00:37:14+00:00

This study explores the impact of urban development on air quality in Almaty over the past decade. The research combined survey data from residents with expert interviews and secondary data analysis to determine that air pollution stems mainly from rising vehicle traffic, uncontrolled construction activities and weak environmental regulations. The study shows that people across the city are worried about air quality, while showing that current policies fail to work effectively, and urban planning structures need improvement. Experts explain how high-rise buildings disrupt natural air circulation patterns and emphasize the urgent need for green zones. The research demonstrates how sustainable integrated planning methods must be implemented to address the worsening air quality crisis in the city and provides solutions that can benefit other rapidly developing urban areas.

AI-Driven Cybersecurity for Kazakhstan’s Marketing Data Protection: Threats, Challenges, and Solutions

2025-07-14T02:01:21+00:00

Purpose – The objective of this paper is to examine and analyze the function of AI-driven cybersecurity solutions in safeguarding marketing data in Kazakhstan. As dependence on digital marketing grows, firms see heightened cyber attacks aimed at sensitive information.

Design/methodology/approach – A critical review of the literature is conducted, followed by a discussion of the existing cybersecurity infrastructure for marketing data in Kazakhstan. Analytical research into AI-based technologies and applicability in comparable markets is conducted. Statistical information and expert interviews provide a basis for assessing potential solutions specific to Kazakhstan.

Findings – The research determines that while AI-driven systems provide effective solutions towards finding and preventing cyber attacks, difficulties arise in the form of low consumption rates and unavailability of skilled professionals in AI as well as cybersecurity domains. Moreover, marketing data in Kazakhstan is extremely susceptible to internal and external threats owing to poor security measures.

Research constraints – The study is constrained by the unavailability of localized data on AI-driven cybersecurity solutions applicable to Kazakhstan. Additional empirical research would be required to measure the far-reaching effects of such initiatives.

Originality/value – The article emphasizes the increasing significance of AI in cyber security and provides customized advice for the marketing industry in Kazakhstan, bridging the gap in local research.

CISCO ACI КАК ИННОВАЦИОННЫЙ ПОДХОД К IT-АРХИТЕКТУРЕ: теоретический аспект

2025-07-14T03:07:10+00:00

В настоящее время в период изменений в обществе, экономике, бизнесе и жизни, постпандемийный период, усиления цифровизации Казахстана, финансовый сектор особо нуждается в скорости, гибкости, бесперебойности сервиса, наличия интерфейсов с критериями повышенного удобства и комфорта (Pazarbasioglu et al., 2020) [1], с упором на кибербезопасность. Эту систему обеспечивает грамотная IT архитектура финансовых учреждений, и роль их возрастает с повышением мошенничества в сети Интернет, роли искусственного интеллекта (AI) и его прогресса. Основу архитектуры составляют центры обработки данных, как физических, так и юридических лиц, они ведут обработку, хранение, управление большими объемами данными в реальном времени и с акцентом на конфиденциальность.

Сегодня в условиях цифровизации, высоких требований и ожиданий клиентов, конкуренции на рынке, банковские учреждения заботятся не только об удобстве для клиентов, но и воспринимают репутационные риски, связанные с надежностью и безопасностью данных. Недавний инцидент в июне 2025 г. где «утекли 16,3 миллиона записей с персональными данными жителей Казахстана» (Дарибай, 2025)[2], свидетельствует о том, что от эффективности IT-инфраструктуры финансовых учреждений, от ее производительности, надежности и безопасности зависит многое, это и финансовые потери, и временные простои, утечка данных, доверие клиентов и последствия юридического характера.