Research Reviews

Сравнительный анализ систем подготовки педагогов Финляндии и Казахстана

Аспанова Г.Р. — 2026-06-21

В статье представлен сравнительный анализ систем профессиональной подготовки будущих учителей Финляндии и Казахстана в контексте современных вызовов глобального образовательного пространства. Рассматриваются исторические предпосылки формирования национальных моделей педагогического образования, особенности отбора абитуриентов, структура образовательных программ, исследовательская подготовка будущих учителей, организация педагогической практики и механизмы обеспечения качества образования. Особое внимание уделено феномену академической автономии финских университетов и ее влиянию на формирование профессиональной ответственности педагога. На основе изучения опыта университета Ювяскюля выявлены факторы эффективности финской модели подготовки учителей и определены перспективные направления их адаптации в системе высшего образования Республики Казахстан.

The Role of English in the Career of a Modern Coach or Athlete

Zhansultan Seidualiyev — 2026-06-21

English has become an essential tool for communication and professional development in modern sport. The purpose of this study is to examine the role of English in the careers of athletes and coaches in the context of increasing internationalization of sport. The research is based on an analysis of scientific literature, sports communication practices, and the author's personal experience as a competitive boxer who has participated in international tournaments. The findings demonstrate that English facilitates communication during international competitions, provides access to professional educational resources, supports interaction with international media, and expands career opportunities. The study concludes that English should be considered a key professional competence for athletes and coaches in the contemporary global sports environment.

Thermochemical gasification and activation of coal–biomass briquettes

Zhanar Muratbekovna Kassenova — 2026-06-21

Today, the main method of thermal treatment of municipal solid waste is its direct incineration. At the same time, technologies based on processes such as gasification, pyrolysis, and combustion in slag melts are also known, including those utilizing plasma torches; however, they are used on a very limited scale and have virtually no impact on the overall volume of waste utilization [1–3]. During the gasification process, the feedstock is mainly converted into synthesis gas consisting of H₂, CO, and CO₂. Paper and cardboard constitute a significant portion of municipal solid waste (up to 40% in developed countries). The second largest category worldwide is organic matter, including food waste and other household waste, while metals, glass, and plastics account for 7–9% of total waste [4]. Compared with the conventional combustion of solid fuels, another advantage of municipal solid waste gasification is the almost complete gasification of carbon, resulting in a significantly lower degree of incomplete fuel combustion; consequently, the producer gas and ash residues contain no unreacted carbon or soot [5].

КТ-АНГИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ ПРИЗНАКИ ТРОМБОЭМБОЛИИ ЛЕГОЧНОЙ АРТЕРИИ: КЛИНИЧЕСКОЕ НАБЛЮДЕНИЕ

Байдженова Сабина Ерланкызы — 2026-06-21

Представлен клинический случай массивной двусторонней тромбоэмболии легочной артерии у пациентки 77 лет с развитием дыхательной недостаточности. По данным КТ-ангиографии установлены признаки значительного поражения легочного сосудистого русла и нарушения легочной гемодинамики. Представленный клинический случай демонстрирует высокую диагностическую ценность КТ-ангиографии в выявлении массивной ТЭЛА, определении распространенности поражения и оценке тяжести состояния пациента, что имеет ключевое значение для выбора дальнейшей лечебной тактики

TOBACCO CONTROL POLICIES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PREVENTIVE MEASURES IN CHINA AND KAZAKHSTAN

Song Shiqing — 2026-06-21

The relevance of the study of tobacco control policy is due to the persistently low prevalence of tobacco smoking and its negative impact on public health, as well as instability and demographic indicators.

Despite the existence of national tobacco control programs in both China and Kazakhstan, they do not always lead to the desired results. This is due to the insufficient effectiveness of preventive measures and the insufficient involvement of the state in regulating the tobacco market.

With increased anti-smoking policies at the global level, including the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, a comparative analysis of national strategies is becoming particularly relevant. It allows us to identify successful practices and identify time gaps in the implementation of tobacco control policies.

The purpose of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of preventive tobacco control policies in China and Kazakhstan in order to identify the most effective approaches and opportunities for their adaptation.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

To carry out state and preventive measures to combat tobacco smoking in China and Kazakhstan.
Evaluate the effectiveness of the implemented policy in terms of reducing the prevalence of smoking and raising public awareness.

The scientific novelty of this study lies in the fact that it offers a comprehensive comparative analysis of the effectiveness of preventive anti-smoking measures in China and Kazakhstan. This takes into account differences in socio-economic conditions, the level of government regulation, and the mechanisms for implementing public health policies in these countries.

Unlike previous studies, this study not only describes anti-smoking programs, but also identifies the factors that determine their practical effectiveness in reducing tobacco use and shaping public awareness.

The study also offers a new perspective on anti-smoking policy, identifying the most effective tools such as legislative restrictions, tax regulation, awareness campaigns, and preventive education programs. In addition, the authors evaluate the possibilities of applying the successful experience of China and Kazakhstan to improve national tobacco control strategies. The results obtained will help to develop practical recommendations aimed at improving the effectiveness of preventive measures in the field of public health.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS IN CHINA AND KAZAKHSTAN: CHALLENGES, PROSPECTS, AND THE POTENTIAL FOR INTEGRATING BEST PRACTICES

Luo Can — 2026-06-21

The importance of the study is due to the increasing role of primary health care (PHC) as the foundations of the sustainability of national health systems. With the growth of chronic diseases, the aging of the population and the need to increase the availability of medical services, primary health care is becoming a key factor determining the effectiveness of the entire healthcare system.
In recent years, China and Kazakhstan have been carrying out large-scale reforms aimed at the primary health system. However, their development models differ. China is actively implementing integrated and digital mechanisms for the organization of primary health care, while Kazakhstan is developing a multidisciplinary and socially oriented model of primary care based on family medicine and health system reform programs.
Comparative analysis of data systems is becoming especially relevant for identifying problems, evaluating the effectiveness of reforms, and opportunities for mutual learning.
The purpose of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of primary health care systems in China and Kazakhstan. Identify problems, identify ways to solve them, and consider applying best practices to improve the effectiveness of national health systems.
To achieve this goal, we have to solve the following tasks:
1. To study the theoretical and organizational foundations of PHC systems in China and Kazakhstan.
2. To identify the main problems faced by the medical sector in modern countries.
3. Compare the models of reform and management approaches in the field of primary health care.
4. Identify development prospects and areas for applying best practices.
The scientific novelty of this study lies in a comprehensive comparative analysis of primary health care (PHC) systems in China and Kazakhstan. The emphasis is not only on structural features, but also on managerial, digital and organizational principles that can be adapted to national conditions.
The study systematizes the prospects for the development of best practices in both countries in the context of modern challenges in the field of healthcare.
This study is aimed at deepening the transformations in the first aid system and creating an analytical framework for monitoring health policy in Kazakhstan and other countries with economies in transition.

New Results of the Study of Neogene Paleontological Sites in the Tekes and Jalangash Canyons

Nazymbetova G.Sh. — 2026-06-21

The article “Interdisciplinary Study and Enrichment with New Materials of the Collections of the Institute of Paleontology, Zoology, Archaeology, and Archaeography (Based on the ‘Ghylym Ordasy’ Museums)” The results of the comprehensive paleontological research conducted in May 2026 in the Tekes and Zhalanash basins of Almaty Province are considered within the framework of the scientific program “Interdisciplinary Study and Supplementation of Collections of Paleontology, Zoology, Archaeology, and Archaeography with New Materials (Based on the ‘Science Palace’ Museums)”. During the research, systematic reconnaissance, geological observation, and the collection of fossil materials were carried out at the Esesartqan, Adyrgan, Aigyrzhal, At the Zhabyrtau and Botamoynak paleontological localities, route reconnaissance, geological observation, and fossil collection were conducted. As a result of the fieldwork, new fossil remains of vertebrates were discovered, and the collection materials were supplemented. The obtained data allow for the clarification of the Neogene stratigraphy, faunal composition, and paleogeographic development features of the Tekes–Kegen region

Rare but Reproducible: Bioinformatic Analysis of Unusual Correlations Across Multi-Omic Systems and a Latent State Boundary Hypothesis

David Aphkhazava — 2026-06-21

Rare correlations in biomedical data are usually treated as nuisances. When they are weak, unstable, or inconsistent with prevailing models, they are often attributed to noise, batch effects, hidden confounding, or statistical overfitting. This caution is necessary, but it has also created a systematic blind spot. Across genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, microbiome research, and complex trait genetics, a recurring class of observations persists: correlations that are statistically uncommon, directionally paradoxical, or mechanistically difficult to reconcile, yet repeatedly reappear across independent datasets. These include inverse genotype-phenotype relationships, stable transcript-protein discordance, trait-sharing loci with opposite phenotypic effects, context-dependent host-microbiome associations, and tissue-specific reversals that cannot be reduced to simple artifact. The present article develops a bioinformatic framework for studying such unusual but likely real associations and advances a unifying hypothesis to explain them.

We argue that rare correlations should not be defined merely by low frequency, but by a joint profile of reproducibility, biological implausibility under dominant models, conditional stability, and cross-layer asymmetry. Using evidence from disease-omics, systems genetics, proteogenomics, microbiome research, and pleiotropic genetic studies, we show that many paradoxical associations emerge at the intersection of asynchronous regulation, latent cellular heterogeneity, ecological compositionality, nonlinear response surfaces, and time-lagged adaptation. Rather than representing statistical debris, some rare correlations may be signatures of hidden biological phase boundaries: transitions between regulatory states in which the apparent relationship between two variables is determined by unmeasured state occupancy rather than direct linear coupling.

On this basis, we propose the Latent State Boundary Hypothesis, which posits that rare but reproducible paradoxical correlations arise when biological systems are sampled across mixed, partially synchronized states distributed over multiple regulatory layers. In such settings, observed variables may remain stably associated, but the sign, magnitude, or interpretability of the association becomes counterintuitive because the correlation is generated indirectly by state transitions, buffering loops, or ecological replacement processes. This hypothesis yields concrete predictions. Rare correlations should strengthen after stratification by inferred state, show nonlinearity or sign reversal across pseudotime or disease stage, replicate more robustly in multimodal than in single-omic datasets, and map preferentially to nodes with regulatory buffering, antagonistic pleiotropy, or high contextual plasticity.

We outline computational strategies to detect, prioritize, and validate these patterns using public datasets. These include compositional transformations, conditional dependence models, mixed-effects correlation screens, latent variable inference, time-shifted correlation analysis, causal triangulation with genetics, and network-based discordance scoring. We further discuss the implications of rare correlations for biomarker discovery, causal inference, precision medicine, and systems biology. The central conclusion is that unusual correlations should not be discarded solely because they resist immediate explanation. In the era of multi-omics, some of the most informative signals may be the least intuitive ones.

ДИСТАНЦІЙНІ ОЦІНКИ ПАРАМЕТРІВ ГЛИБИННИХ ФЛЮЇДНИХ СИСТЕМ ПРИ ДОСЛІДЖЕННІ ВУЛКАНІЧНИХ СТРУКТУР РІЗНОГО ТИПУ (ЗА РЕЗУЛЬТАТАМИ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ЧР-ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ)

Якимчук М.А. — 2026-06-21

Інтенсивність формування та еволюція вулканічних структур різного типу залежать від періодичності пульсаційних процесів багаторівневих джерел системи глибинних потоків флюїдів, з якими пов’язане існування магматичних камер та висока активність дегазації надр.
Використання частотно-резонансних (ЧР) досліджень дає змогу отримати додаткову (і незалежну) інформацію про взаємозв’язок цих процесів з природними явищами в багатьох структурах в широкому діапазоні глибин літосфери [Yakymchuk, 2024; Якимчук, 2021, 2022, 2024].
Нижче наведені результати досліджень деяких вулканічних структур різного типу (грязьові і магматичні вулкани Середземного, Чорного та ін. морів), для яких отримані нові дані про глибинну будову і особливості ймовірного розташування джерел їх формування

Ta’arof as Sociopragmatic Competence in Persian Language Learning: Beyond Politeness and Cultural Etiquette

Zeynab Mammadova — 2026-06-21

Ta’arof is often described as a system of ritual politeness in Persian-speaking culture, especially in Iranian social interaction. However, reducing Ta’arof to “politeness,” “etiquette,” or “cultural ornament” weakens its linguistic and pedagogical importance. This theoretical article argues that Ta’arof should be understood as a form of sociopragmatic competence in Persian language learning. In Persian interaction, offers, refusals, thanks, invitations, compliments, and forms of self-lowering often do not operate through literal meaning alone. They are shaped by culturally organized expectations concerning respect, modesty, hierarchy, reciprocity, and relational harmony. For learners of Persian, this creates a major interpretive challenge: a grammatically correct understanding of an utterance may still lead to communicative misunderstanding. Drawing on studies of Persian politeness, face, communicative competence, and intercultural pragmatics, this article proposes that Ta’arof should be explicitly integrated into Persian language teaching. It suggests that Ta’arof can be taught through contextualized dialogues, role-play, pragmatic awareness tasks, and comparison of literal and sociocultural meanings. The article concludes that Ta’arof is not merely a cultural topic added to language instruction; rather, it is part of how meaning is negotiated in Persian.

THE IMPACT OF TRADE GAP ON INCOME INEQUALITY IN AZERBAIJAN: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS

GARAYEVA NARMIN ANAR — 2026-06-21

In this study, the impact of trade openness on income inequality in Azerbaijan was investigated from theoretical and empirical aspects. Acceleration of globalization processes and expansion of foreign trade relations have strengthened the integration of the country's economy into international markets and become one of the main sources of economic growth. At the same time, how the economic benefits created by trade openness are distributed among population groups remains one of the important socio-economic issues.

The study examined the relationship between trade openness and income inequality based on Heckscher–Ohlin and Stolper–Samuelson models, as well as modern empirical approaches. Taking into account the high dependence of Azerbaijan on the oil and gas sector, the characteristics of the export structure and the level of development of the non-oil sector, the mechanisms of influencing the distribution of trade openness on income distribution were analyzed.

The results of the study are expected to show that the impact of trade openness on income inequality depends on the structural characteristics of the economy. Especially in the context of the predominance of the oil sector, there is a possibility that the trade openness will increase the income gap. At the same time, the development of the non-oil sector and the diversification of exports can enhance the positive impact of trade on social welfare and reduce income inequality. The results of the study are important in terms of ensuring inclusive economic development in Azerbaijan, improving export policy and developing economic policy measures aimed at more equitable distribution of incomes.

МЕТОДЫ ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА

Муратбек Нурсара — 2026-06-21

В статье рассматриваются пути совершенствования цифровизации сельского хозяйства с помощью применения роботов и дронов для - прогнозирования урожайности, оптимизации использования ресурсов, выявления болезней и вредителей растений, рекомендации по принятию решений, управления цепочками поставок

Antioxidant capacity of sweet clover, St. John’s wort and purslane extract mixtures assessed by ABTS assay

Tyurina Anastassiya — 2026-06-21

The development of plant extract compositions with high radical scavenging activity is a promising approach for creating natural antioxidant ingredients for functional foods. This work evaluated individual extracts of sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis), St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) and purslane (Portulaca oleracea), as well as their binary and ternary compositions, using the ABTS assay with expression of results as Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC, µmol TE/g dry weight). Among the individual extracts, St. John’s wort and sweet clover demonstrated higher antioxidant activity, 88.74 and 85.65 µmol TE/g, respectively, whereas purslane showed 70.35 µmol TE/g. The binary compositions had increased TEAC values compared with most single extracts, and the St. John’s wort + purslane combination showed one of the highest values at 94.16 µmol TE/g. The ternary composition with an equal ratio of 33:33:33 demonstrated the maximum antioxidant activity, reaching 99.38 µmol TE/g. These findings indicate that combining the studied plant extracts can enhance antioxidant potential and support their use as natural functional ingredients for fermented dairy products and other food systems.

Reduction of CO2 Emissions and Energy Consumption through Cement Minimization in Cement-Plastic Composite Masonry Blocks

Merab Baratashvili — 2026-06-21

The construction sector is one of the largest consumers of energy and raw materials and is responsible for a substantial share of global greenhouse gas emissions. Cement production is especially important in this context because it requires high-temperature processing and releases carbon dioxide both through fuel combustion and limestone calcination. The present paper evaluates the potential reduction of CO2 emissions and energy consumption achieved through cement minimization in cement-plastic composite masonry blocks incorporating recycled plastic waste and alternative mineral fillers. The proposed approach combines material substitution, lightweight composite design and improved thermal performance of building envelopes. Experimental data obtained for recycled plastic-mineral composite blocks indicate that an optimized composition can reduce material density and thermal conductivity while maintaining compressive strength suitable for lightweight masonry applications. A simplified environmental assessment is used to estimate cement-related CO2 savings and operational energy benefits associated with lower heat transfer through wall elements. The results demonstrate that reducing cement content by approximately 30-35% and incorporating recycled plastic waste can contribute to lower embodied emissions, improved resource efficiency and reduced building energy demand. The developed concept supports circular economy principles and provides a practical pathway for low-carbon construction materials in regions where plastic waste accumulation and energy efficiency remain important environmental challenges.

LoRaWAN: A Mathematical Study of Simple-Signal Modulation Transforms and Realizing CSS (Chirp Spread Spectrum) by Means of FM

Elias Ansariy — 2026-06-21

LoRa, the physical layer beneath LoRaWAN, owes its long range and robustness to chirp spread spectrum (CSS) modulation, in which each symbol is a linear-frequency-modulated sweep. This article explores very basic modulation schemes mathematically to reveal the formal linkages among them and demonstrates that CSS is not an unusual method but a unique version of frequency modulation (FM) with a linear-frequency-ramp message. Beginning from the instantaneous-phase expression for a complex sinusoid, we develop the chirp signal, illustrate the up-chirp and down-chirp as a complex-conjugate pair, and demonstrate that using a linear modulating function into the FM formula produces the LoRa chirp phase. The cyclic frequency shift of a LoRa symbol's data bearing also equates to an offset or a phase break of the modulating ramp, which can be recovered as a single tone by a conjugate de-chirping receiver. Based on these foundations, we will describe how to create a CSS-like signal by driving an FM modulator with a chirp baseband, mapped to available hardware (the SX1276/SX1278/LR1276 transceivers and the STM32F103 host). Finally, we present an analogical hypothetical application that injects such a baseband into the FM channel of a standard UHF voice radio. We conclude with a symbolic, purely qualitative analysis of the distortion that occurs when a linear-frequency-modulated signal is created by means of an FM chain. The material presented here is entirely theoretical; it has no numerical measurement

Тестировочный стенд для беспилотных летательных аппаратов: конструкция, модификации и образовательный потенциал

Уразбеков Амиржан Абдымуратович — 2026-06-21

В работе рассматривается разработка тестировочного стенда для беспилотных летательных аппаратов, предназначенного для проведения безопасных испытаний, настройки и диагностики БПЛА. Проведен анализ конструктивных решений и определены основные требования к создаваемому стенду, обеспечивающие возможность моделирования эксплуатационных условий и расширения функциональных возможностей оборудования. Описаны особенности конструкции разработанного прототипа, а также его модификационный потенциал, позволяющий интегрировать дополнительные датчики и элементы управления. Результаты экспериментальных испытаний подтвердили работоспособность стенда и эффективность его применения для инженерных исследований, образовательных задач и отработки алгоритмов стабилизации и управления беспилотными летательными аппаратами.