Research Retrieval and Academic Letters

The use of digital technologies in the process of teaching foreign languages at a non-linguistic university

2026-10-25T09:09:31+00:00

This article examines the use of digital technologies in foreign language instruction within non-linguistic higher education institutions. It is noted that the integration of digital technologies into foreign language teaching must be balanced with traditional methods aimed at developing communicative competence—a process that requires "live" interaction among students. The focus on communicative and sociocultural components is achieved through the strategic selection of digital technologies and the thematic content of the provided materials. Such content should encompass both general and professional subject matter, featuring practice-oriented topics designed to foster specialized competencies

The Role of Creative Technologies in Developing Cognitive Engagement and Creative Thinking among Primary School Students

2026-10-25T10:21:14+00:00

This article critically examines the role of creative educational technologies in fostering cognitive engagement and creative thinking among primary school students. Amid the transition from traditional, transmission-based educational paradigms to student-centred pedagogical models, there is an urgent need to cultivate 21st-century skills, particularly cognitive autonomy, divergent thinking, and intrinsic motivation. Drawing upon the constructivist theories of Vygotsky, Piaget, and Dewey, this study proposes a theoretical and methodological framework for integrating creative technologies—such as problem-based learning (PBL), inquiry-based learning, educational gamification, and digital interactive tools—into the primary education curriculum. The research investigates how these technologies activate the cognitive, emotional, and behavioural dimensions of student engagement, transforming passive learners into active constructors of knowledge. Furthermore, the article analyzes the manifestation of creative thinking components, including fluency, flexibility, originality, and elaboration, within everyday classroom activities. To bridge theory and practice, the article provides eight detailed analytical tables, presenting methodological classifications, practical classroom applications across subjects, and robust assessment criteria. It also addresses the pedagogical challenges of implementation, such as resource constraints and varying student readiness, offering actionable methodological recommendations for primary school teachers. Conclusively, the article establishes that the systematic, objective-driven application of creative technologies is essential for nurturing intellectually curious, adaptable, and innovative young learners.

Von der visuellen Szene zum visuellen Schema: Eine theoretische Erweiterung des Situated Language Comprehension auf die Vermittlung von Fachsprachen (LSP)

2026-10-25T12:00:17+00:00

Die moderne Psycholinguistik betrachtet Sprachverstehen nicht als isolierte Dekodierung eines Signals, sondern als kontextabhängigen, dynamischen Prozess. Die Ansätze des Situated Language Comprehension (SLC) und des Visually Situated Language Comprehension von Knoeferle und Kolleginnen und Kollegen beschreiben diesen Prozess als Interaktion von sprachlichem Input, visueller Szene und Vorwissen in Echtzeit. Diese Modelle beruhen überwiegend auf allgemeinsprachlichem Material und konkreten physischen Szenen; das Verstehen fachsprachlicher Texte in einer Fremdsprache wird von ihnen nicht unmittelbar adressiert. Der Beitrag entwickelt das theoretische Argument, dass sich beim Übergang vom SLC zur Fachsprache (Language for Specific Purposes, LSP) nicht nur die Schwierigkeit des sprachlichen Materials verändert, sondern die Natur der „Situation“ selbst. An die Stelle der visuellen Szene (Objekte, Handlungen, Ereignisse) tritt in der LSP das visuelle Schema (Diagramm, Prozessmodell, Hierarchie, Grafik), und das allgemeine Weltwissen (world knowledge) wird weitgehend durch Fachwissen (domain knowledge) ersetzt. Der Beitrag leistet Folgendes:

Er formuliert die systematische Transformation „Szene ⭢Schema“,
Er fasst das visuelle Schema nicht als bloße Illustration des Textes, sondern als dessen konzeptuellen Kontext auf,
Er schlägt ein dreikomponentiges Integrationsmodell vor und
Er leitet daraus vier überprüfbare Hypothesen (H1-H4) sowie ein empirisches Forschungsprogramm ab.

Das Modell wird als theoretische Hypothese vorgestellt, die einer empirischen Überprüfung bedarf.

Educational Wellbeing and Inclusion: Towards a Special Education Model Capability, Recognition and Participation as Structural Conditions of Flourishing in Inclusive Settings

2026-10-25T12:22:33+00:00

This article proposes a reversal of the position customarily assigned to Special Education within the debate on educational wellbeing: not an applied subfield of a general theory established elsewhere, but the site where that theory is tested in its own premises. Research on wellbeing in education displays two converging shortcomings. The first is the absence of a construct that can be considered autonomous from psychological and clinical matrices, whose irreducible polysemy was documented by Dodge et al. (2012). The second is the persistent underrepresentation of the inclusive dimension, confirmed by Nirchi's (2023) review of the assessment instruments currently in use in the Italian context. In existing devices, the educational wellbeing of students with disabilities tends to be reduced either to a measure of functioning, through the coding grids of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (WHO, 2001), or to an index of adaptation to the school environment. In both cases the pedagogical value of the construct dissolves, together with its link to the construction of a life project. The article argues that, from a special education standpoint, educational wellbeing must be grounded in flourishing rather than in compliance, and proposes a model built on three mutually constitutive structural conditions: the effective breadth of the capability set, recognition, and consequential participation. These conditions are derived from the capability approach (Sen, 1999; Nussbaum, 2011) in the declination developed for disability in education by Terzi (2005), from recognition theory (Honneth, 1995; Biesta, 2017), and from the empirical findings of Graham et al. (2022). The resulting move shifts the object of assessment from the individual to the context, with consequences for instructional design, for the revision of the Individualised Education Plan, and for the preparation of support teachers and education professionals (Frison, 2024). The thesis submitted to scientific discussion is that inclusive educational wellbeing constitutes a transferable best practice rather than a disciplinary niche.

PROMPTING RESEARCH: GENERATIVE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AS A COGNITIVE PARTNER IN ADVANCED ACADEMIC WRITING

2026-10-26T02:18:19+00:00

The rapid integration of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) into higher education institutions has triggered a transformative debate among university professors, senior researchers, and graduate students worldwide [1, s. 12]. While initial administrative and pedagogical responses focused predominantly on plagiarism detection, automated oversight, and total prohibitions, universities are increasingly shifting toward structured integration strategies [2, s. 104]. Generative Artificial Intelligence is no longer viewed merely as a potential risk to academic integrity, but rather as a dynamic, interactive cognitive partner capable of scaffolding advanced research workflows [3, s. 45]. This comprehensive research paper provides an in-depth investigation into how scholars, doctoral candidates, and academic writers can leverage structured prompt engineering to conceptualize research designs, map dense theoretical literature, systematically critique arguments, refine prose mechanics, and uphold rigorous ethical frameworks [4, s. 88]. By analyzing human-AI co-creativity across twelve detailed sections, this paper outlines a sustainable operational model for ethical, AI-assisted human scholarship in 21stcentury academia [5, s. 14].

THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF LANKARAN CITY IN 2003-2006

2026-10-25T13:57:18+00:00

The socio-economic development characteristics of Lankaran city in 2003–2006 are examined. Measures implemented in the framework of regional development policy, infrastructure renewal, state support for the agricultural sector, and improvement of the population's social conditions are investigated. The impact of state programmes on the socio-economic development of regions on the economic life of Lankaran city during the period under study is analysed. Particular attention is paid to measures aimed at developing the road transport system, public utilities, and social infrastructure facilities in the city. At the same time, the development of traditional agricultural sectors is examined. Special attention is given to the current state of citrus growing, tea cultivation, and vegetable production. The results of state policy aimed at increasing employment, creating new jobs, and expanding entrepreneurial activity are investigated. Changes in the activities of educational, healthcare, and cultural institutions are assessed as important indicators of the city's social development. The article also provides a historical assessment of the opportunities created by the economic and social measures implemented in 2003–2006 for the subsequent development of Lankaran

HOME AND BELONGING AMONG ETHNIC GERMANS IN NORTHEASTERN KAZAKHSTAN: NARRATIVES OF STAYING AND RETURNING

2026-10-27T10:28:22+00:00

This article examines how ethnic Germans in northeastern Kazakhstan explain why they remained in, or returned to, Kazakhstan after 1991. It presents an exploratory thematic analysis of summaries of six interviews conducted between March and October 2026 with three women and three men aged 45–70, including two participants each from Pavlodar, East Kazakhstan, and Abai regions. The analysis distinguishes attachment to place from the circumstances shaping migration trajectories. Four themes emerge: home as a network of familiar relationships; unrealized migration intentions; marriage and extended family connections; and return through the interaction of continuing attachment and new relationships. One participant describes an abandoned migration plan in 1997, while another returned after living in Germany from 1995 to 2005 and forming a relationship during a visit to Kazakhstan. These contrasting accounts show why residence cannot automatically be read as a preference to stay. The article argues that, in these cases, belonging is narrated primarily through family, friendship, and everyday life. Its contribution is a small-scale regional comparison of distinct trajectories, rather than a representative explanation of Kazakhstan's German population.

FACTOR-BASED AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF TOURISM DEMAND FORECASTING IN KAZAKHSTAN

2026-10-26T03:44:02+00:00

The diversification of Kazakhstan's economy relies significantly on the strategic development of non-extractive sectors, notably tourism. A critical prerequisite for effective tourism planning, infrastructure investment, and sustainable destination management is the accurate forecasting of tourism demand. This article comprehensively investigates the theoretical, factor-based, and methodological foundations of tourism demand forecasting tailored to the unique economic and geographical context of Kazakhstan. Despite the growing importance of the tourism sector, a noticeable scientific gap exists in the systematic application of advanced predictive modeling for domestic and international tourist flows within Central Asia. The primary objective of this study is to develop a robust methodological framework for forecasting tourism demand in Kazakhstan by identifying the core determinants and evaluating applicable statistical and econometric models. Through a critical synthesis of existing literature, this study systematically classifies economic, demographic, geographical, institutional, and geopolitical factors influencing tourism. The study reviews a spectrum of forecasting methodologies, ranging from traditional time-series models (ARIMA) and econometric approaches (panel data, gravity models) to advanced machine learning techniques, comparing their predictive accuracy and suitability under conditions of data scarcity and structural volatility. An integrated, reproducible forecasting framework is proposed, delineating dependent variables, explanatory indicators, and data validation procedures. The findings emphasize that regional heterogeneity, extreme seasonality, and transitional institutional environments necessitate hybrid forecasting models. Practical recommendations are formulated for national tourism authorities, destination management organizations, and policymakers to improve data infrastructure, implement scenario-based planning, and optimize resource allocation. This research contributes to the academic discourse on tourism economics and provides actionable insights for enhancing the strategic management of Kazakhstan's tourism industry.

Kabus Şəhərlər Və Tərk Edilmiş Coğrafiyalar: İnsan Çəkildikdən Sonra Təbiətin Dönüşü

2026-10-26T04:28:26+00:00

İqtisadi tənəzzül, ekoloji fəlakətlər və nüvə qəzaları səbəbindən insanların tamamilə tərk etdiyi kabus şəhərlər bəşəriyyətin təbiət üzərindəki kövrək dominantlığını nümayiş etdirir. İnsan amili aradan qalxdıqdan sonra yerli ekosistemlərin necə sürətlə bərpa olunduğu, beton konstruksiyaların meşələrə çevrildiyi və təbiətin öz ərazilərini necə geri aldığı bu məqalədə elmi və sosioloji prizmadan təhlil olunur

Криптографиялық псевдокездейсоқ тізбектерді генерациялау алгоритмдерін жетілдірудің заманауи тәсілдері

2026-10-25T10:35:12+00:00

Бұл мақалада криптографиялық псевдокездейсоқ тізбектерді генерациялау алгоритмдерін жетілдірудің заманауи тәсілдері қарастырылады. Ақпараттық жүйелерде деректерді қорғаудың негізі болып табылатын криптографиялық кілттерді, инициализация векторларын (IV) және «тұздарды» (salt) қалыптастыру тікелей псевдокездейсоқ сандар генераторларының (CSPRNG) сенімділігіне тәуелді. Жұмыста детерминдік кездейсоқ биттер генераторларының (DRBG) заманауи архитектуралары (Hash_DRBG, HMAC_DRBG, CTR_DRBG) зерттеліп, олардың есептеу тиімділігі мен қауіпсіздік деңгейіне салыстырмалы талдау жасалған. Сонымен қатар, NIST SP 800-90 сериялы стандарттары мен FIPS 140-3 талаптарына сәйкес алгоритмдердің статистикалық сапасы мен болжамдылыққа төзімділігі бағаланды. Зерттеу нәтижесінде кванттық есептеулердің даму қаупін ескере отырып, энтропия көздерін тиімді пайдалану, күйді жаңарту механизмдерін (re-seeding) оңтайландыру және посткванттық криптография талаптарына бейімделу бойынша практикалық ұсыныстар тұжырымдалды. Алынған нәтижелер криптографиялық модульдерді әзірлеу және ақпараттық қауіпсіздікті қамтамасыз ету жүйелерінде қолданылуы мүмкін.

Machine Learning for Student Performance Prediction: A Review of Algorithms, Evaluation Metrics, and Explainability

2026-10-25T10:44:12+00:00

Background: The digitalization of higher education and learning management platforms has generated massive quantities of educational interaction data. Predicting student performance prior to summative assessments represents a cornerstone of contemporary Educational Data Mining (EDM) and Learning Analytics (LA). Objective: This systematic review synthesizes recent developments in machine learning (ML) paradigms for predicting academic trajectories, categorizing modeling paradigms, evaluation frameworks, and post-hoc interpretability methods. Methodology: A multi-perspective analysis was conducted across empirical studies published between 2018 and 2026, evaluating supervised classifiers, ensemble pipelines, deep architectures, and unsupervised clustering frameworks applied to heterogeneous educational datasets. Key Findings: Ensemble methods—specifically Gradient Boosted Decision Trees (XGBoost, LightGBM, CatBoost)—consistently outperform single-model classifiers on tabular academic logs, achieving predictive accuracies exceeding 88–92%. However, performance metrics exhibit severe sensitivity to class imbalance, where uncalibrated models yield artificially high accuracy while failing to identify failing or dropping-out students. The integration of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) frameworks, predominantly SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) and Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations (LIME), bridges the gap between predictive capacity and pedagogical utility by uncovering non-linear feature interactions such as learning management system (LMS) engagement decay. Implications: While predictive analytics offer substantial potential for early academic interventions, institutional deployment requires calibrated evaluation protocols, strict alignment with data privacy regulations (FERPA/GDPR), and algorithmic fairness audits to mitigate systemic demographic bias.

ПӘНАРАЛЫҚ ЫҚПАЛДАСТЫҚ НЕГІЗІНДЕ ОҚУШЫЛАРДЫҢ ҒЫЛЫМИ ДҮНИЕТАНЫМЫН ҚАЛЫПТАСТЫРУ

2026-10-25T12:11:37+00:00

Мақалада пәнаралық мазмұндағы сабақтарды ұйымдастырудың бастапқы кезеңінде түсіндірмелі - көрнекілік әдістерді қолданған тиімді екені негізделінген. Сонымен қатар, мұғалім жаңа материалды түсіндіру барысында сызбалар, кестелер, суреттер, бейнематериалдар мен нақты мысалдарды пайдаланып, әртүрлі пәндер арасындағы байланысты көрсете алатыны түсіндірілген. Бұл оқушылардың күрделі ұғымдарды қабылдауын жеңілдетіп, білімді жүйелі меңгеруіне көмектесетіні айқындалынған

БІЛІМ БЕРУ ҮДЕРІСІНДЕ АҚПАРАТТЫҚ-КОММУНИКАЦИЯЛЫҚ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯЛАРДЫ ТИІМДІ ПАЙДАЛАНУ

2026-10-25T12:15:24+00:00

Мақалада қазіргі кезеңде ақпараттық-коммуникациялық технологиялар білім беру жүйесін жаңғыртудың маңызды бағыттарының біріне айналатын мүмкіндіктерін көрсетілген. Сонымен қатар, цифрлық технологиялардың қарқынды дамуы оқыту әдістерін жетілдіруге, оқу материалдарын ұсынудың жаңа тәсілдерін енгізуге және білім алушылардың танымдық белсенділігін арттыруға кең мүмкіндік беретіні негізделінген

PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PRIMARY HEALTHCARE PHYSICIANS’ RECOMMENDATION OF HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS VACCINATION

2026-10-26T02:25:10+00:00

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination is an important component of cervical cancer prevention, yet its implementation depends partly on how healthcare professionals communicate with patients and caregivers. This narrative review considers psychological factors that may be associated with primary healthcare physicians’ recommendation of HPV vaccination, particularly vaccine confidence, perceived safety, professional self-efficacy, perceived social norms, and communication-related concerns. International guidance and studies involving healthcare professionals, including research from Kazakhstan, indicate that knowledge alone may not be sufficient: beliefs about vaccine safety, confidence in discussing HPV, and expectations about patient or community reactions may also be relevant to recommendation practices. The paper synthesizes these factors conceptually and identifies implications for professional support. It does not report new empirical data. Further local research should distinguish physicians’ stated intention to recommend vaccination from their actual recommendation behaviour and assess psychological factors alongside organizational conditions.

Terminological Accuracy and Quality Challenges in AI-Assisted Technical Translation: A Critical Review

2026-10-25T14:06:55+00:00

The growing use of neural machine translation and large language models has expanded the possibilities of translating technical and other specialised documents. Yet the grammatical fluency of an automatically generated text does not necessarily establish the accuracy of its domain-specific terminology. This article critically reviews recent research on terminology management and translation quality in AI-assisted technical translation. Drawing on a focused selection of studies published between 2024 and 2026, it distinguishes terminological correctness from broader semantic accuracy, examines the roles of domain context and validated linguistic resources, and considers the limits of model-generated assurances. Rather than proposing or testing a new translation system, the article develops an analytical basis for a compact, terminology-centred quality-assessment framework. The evidence indicates that models can assist with identifying and translating specialist terms, but the reliability of their outputs depends on the domain, translation task and independent verification. The review proposes a five-part assessment framework addressing concept–term equivalence, contextual suitability, documentary consistency, semantic relations and the integrity of technical data and instructions. This framework is a synthesis-based proposal, not an experimentally validated measurement instrument.

ИНТЕРНЕТ-ЖАРНАМАДАҒЫ ВИЗУАЛДЫ КОММУНИКАЦИЯНЫҢ ЗАМАНАУИ ДИЗАЙН ТЕНДЕНЦИЯЛАРЫ

2026-10-26T03:48:34+00:00

Бұл мақалада интернет-жарнамадағы визуалды коммуникацияның заманауи дизайн тенденциялары, олардың жарнамалық өнімнің визуалды бейнесін қалыптастырудағы рөлі және коммуникациялық тиімділігі ғылыми тұрғыдан талданады. Зерттеудің негізгі мақсаты – цифрлық ортадағы графикалық дизайн шешімдерін жүйелеу және олардың аудитория назарын аударудағы қызметін бағалау. Зерттеу барысында визуалды-контенттік талдау, салыстыру және жүйелеу әдістері қолданылды. Мақалада типографика, түс, композиция, анимация және интерактивті элементтердің цифрлық жарнамадағы рөлі қарастырылып, дәстүрлі жарнамадан айырмашылықтары айқындалады. Әлеуметтік желілердегі, баннерлік және мобильді жарнама форматтарының визуалды ерекшеліктеріне салыстырмалы талдау жасалады. Сонымен қатар, Қазақстандық нарыққа тән визуалды коммуникацияны бейімдеу (көптілділік, ұлттық мәдени кодтар, кирилл қаріптері) мәселелері зерттелді. Зерттеу нәтижесінде жарнама дизайнерлері мен цифрлық маркетологтарға арналған интернет-жарнаманың визуалды бейнесін жобалаудың жүйелі практикалық ұсыныстары мен өлшемдері әзірленді. Ұсынылған жіктеулер мен модельдер цифрлық медиадағы жарнамалық коммуникацияның сапасын арттыруға негіз бола алады.

Цифрлық медиа кеңістіктің жаңа парадигмасы және фактчекинг мәселесі

2026-10-26T03:53:44+00:00

Цифрлық технологиялардың қарқынды дамуы журналистиканың институционалдық құрылымын, ақпарат өндіру тәсілдерін және аудиториямен байланыс орнату тетіктерін түбегейлі өзгертті. Дәстүрлі редакциялық сүзгілердің рөлі әлсіреп, әлеуметтік желілер, видеохостингтер, мессенджерлер мен цифрлық платформалар ақпарат таратудың негізгі арнасына айналды. Бұл процесс ақпарат өндірушілер санын арттырғанымен, жарияланатын мазмұнның тексерілу деңгейін біркелкі етпеді. Генеративті жасанды интеллект пен дипфейк технологиялары визуалды және аудиалды шынайылықты бұрынғыдан жоғары деңгейге көтерді, соның нәтижесінде аудиторияның сенімді дереккөз бен манипуляциялық контентті ажырату қабілеті сынаққа ұшырады.
Мақалада цифрлық медиа кеңістіктің жаңа парадигмасы теориялық тұрғыдан сипатталады, Қазақстандық ақпараттық кеңістіктегі нақты дипфейк кейстері талданады, фактчекинг құралдары қызметіне қарай жіктеледі, әр құралдың мүмкіндіктері мен шектеулері ғылыми тұрғыдан бағаланады. Сонымен қатар қазақстандық редакциялар үшін кешенді тексеру моделі ұсынылады. Эмпирикалық зерттеу нәтижелері келтіріліп, медиасауаттылықты жүйелі түрде дамыту қажеттілігі негізделеді. Зерттеу қорытындысында фактчекингтің тек жалған ақпаратпен күресу құралы ғана емес, қоғамдық сенімді сақтаудың негізгі тетігі екені дәлелденеді.

An Event-Based Comparative Analysis of the 2024 Parliamentary Election and the Subsequent Political Crisis

2026-10-26T04:32:16+00:00

This article examines the dynamics of political media polarization in Georgia during the 2024 parliamentary election and the political crisis that followed. The study combines an event-based comparative framing analysis of major Georgian media outlets with existing quantitative and qualitative media-monitoring evidence. The empirical sample includes Georgian Public Broadcaster (First Channel), Imedi, Rustavi 2, TV Pirveli, Mtavari Arkhi, Formula, the Georgian Service of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, and Netgazeti. The observation period is divided into four stages: the pre-election campaign; the post-election dispute over electoral legitimacy; the 17–25 November period of opposition protest and the first sitting of the newly elected parliament; and the political escalation following the 28 November announcement concerning the postponement of EU accession negotiations. The analysis identifies four principal frames—institutional legitimacy, electoral legitimacy, conflict, and European integration/sovereignty—and examines how their relative salience changed across events and outlets. OSCE/ODIHR monitoring provides a quantitative baseline demonstrating substantial asymmetries in the amount and tone of campaign coverage, while the Georgian Charter of Journalistic Ethics provides independent qualitative evidence of a highly polarized television environment. Event-level analysis shows that polarization intensified as the political conflict moved from electoral competition to a dispute over institutional legitimacy and subsequently to a broader confrontation over Georgia’s European trajectory. The findings suggest that media polarization in Georgia is better understood as a dynamic process of competing political meaning-making than as a static division between pro-government and opposition media. The article also emphasizes that the communicative construction of the crisis cannot be reduced to a single political narrative: government institutions, opposition actors, protesters, police and media organizations all became competing and sometimes conflicting sources of political meaning.

«ХАЛЫҚ ҮНІНЕ ҚҰЛАҚ АСАТЫН МЕМЛЕКЕТ» ТҰЖЫРЫМДАМАСЫ: ЦИФРЛЫҚ КЕҢІСТІКТЕГІ ДИАЛОГТЫҢ ТИІМДІЛІГІ МЕН ҚАЙШЫЛЫҚТАРЫ

2026-10-25T12:01:23+00:00

Мақалада соңғы 5 жылда (2019–2024 жж.) Қазақстан Республикасында «Халық үніне құлақ асатын мемлекет» саяси тұжырымдамасының жүзеге асырылу барысы IMRAD форматында кешенді түрде талданады. Зерттеудің басты мақсаты – цифрлық платформалар (e-Otinish, «Ашық үкімет», iKomek 109) арқылы билік пен қоғам арасындағы диалогтың тиімділік көрсеткіштерін айқындау және бюрократиялық формализм, аймақтық теңсіздіктер мен әлеуметтік желілердегі манипуляциялық тәуекелдер сияқты институционалдық қайшылықтарды зерделеу. Эмпирикалық деректер, әлеуметтанулық сауалнамалар (ҚСЗИ, жергілікті респонденттер), мемлекеттік статистика және халықаралық индекстер (БҰҰ EGDI, WJP Rule of Law) негізінде цифрлық инфрақұрылымның кеңеюі азаматтардың өтініш беру белсенділігін 2 есеге арттырғаны дәлелденді. Дегенмен, жергілікті атқарушы органдардың (әкімдіктердің) жауап қайтару сапасы мен азаматтардың қанағаттану деңгейі арасында елеулі алшақтық сақталып отыр.

Ұлттық бірегейлік: қазіргі Қазақстандағы ұлттық құндылықтар мен ұлттық кодтың саяси интерпретациясы

2026-10-25T12:19:03+00:00

Ұлттық бірегейлік қоғамның тарихи тәжірибесі, мәдени құндылықтары және ортақ саяси кеңістікке тиесілігі туралы түсініктері арқылы қалыптасады.

Ол тек ұлттық ерекшеліктерді сақтаумен шектелмей, тарихи өткенді түсіндіру, ортақ құндылықтарды айқындау және қоғамның болашаққа қатысты бағдарларын қалыптастыру үдерістерімен де байланысты.

Б.Андерсон ұлтты ортақ тиесілік туралы түсініктер негізінде қалыптасатын «елестетілген қауымдастық» ретінде қарастырса, Э.Смит ұлттық бірегейліктің тарихи жады, ортақ мифтер, рәміздер мен мәдени құндылықтармен байланысын негіздейді [1; 2].

Қазақстан жағдайында ұлттық бірегейлік мәселесі тарихи мұраны пайымдау, ұлттық құндылықтардың мазмұнын анықтау және азаматтық бірегейлікті қалыптастыру үдерістерімен сабақтас.

М.Ларюэльдің Орталық Азиядағы ұлт қалыптастыру саясатына арналған зерттеуі Қазақстандағы ұлттық бірегейлікті мемлекеттік дискурс, тарихи баяндаулар және қоғамдық түсініктердің өзара ықпалы арқылы қарастыруға мүмкіндік береді [3]. Бұл ұлттық құндылықтар мен ұлттық кодтың мазмұнын тек мәдени құбылыс ретінде емес, олардың саяси дискурста берілу ерекшеліктері тұрғысынан да зерттеудің маңызын көрсетеді.

Осыған байланысты мақаланың ғылыми мәселесі қазіргі Қазақстанда ұлттық құндылықтар мен ұлттық кодтың қандай мағыналар арқылы түсіндірілетінін және олардың ұлттық бірегейлік туралы түсініктермен қалай байланысатынын анықтауға бағытталған.

Мақаланың мақсаты – ұлттық құндылықтар мен ұлттық кодтың саяси интерпретациясын талдау және олардың ұлттық бірегейліктің мазмұнын қалыптастырудағы рөлін айқындау.

Мақалада саяси дискурстық және фреймдік талдау әдістері қолданылады.

Тарихи жад ұлттық құндылықтардың мағынасын түсіндіретін және өткен мен қазіргі қоғамдық-саяси бағдарларды байланыстыратын талдау өлшемі ретінде қарастырылады.

ТОЛЕРАНТНОСТЬ КАК ОСНОВА МЕЖКУЛЬТУРНОГО ДИАЛОГА В УСЛОВИЯХ ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИИ

2026-10-25T14:43:12+00:00

В современных условиях стирания границ и миграционных кризисов необходимо перейти к «активной толерантности» восприятию культурных различий не как угрозы, а как основы для диалога и развития.

Глобализация существенно изменила характер взаимодействия между обществами и культурами. Интенсификация международной миграции, развитие цифровых коммуникаций, расширение образовательной мобильности, рост международного туризма и транснациональных экономических связей привели к тому, что представители различных культур все чаще оказываются в едином социальном и информационном пространстве [1, 49].

Современный человек одновременно может оставаться носителем национальной, этнической, религиозной и языковой идентичности и при этом активно участвовать в глобальных коммуникациях. В результате культура перестает существовать исключительно в пределах национального пространства. Она становится частью сложной системы постоянного обмена символами, ценностями, нормами и моделями поведения.

Однако глобализация имеет противоречивый характер. С одной стороны, она создает условия для расширения культурных контактов и формирования новых форм солидарности. С другой стороны, увеличение числа контактов между различными группами не гарантирует взаимопонимания. Напротив, столкновение различных ценностных систем может усиливать культурную дистанцию, социальную напряженность и конфликт идентичностей.

Особенно заметно это проявляется в условиях миграционных процессов и формирования поликультурных обществ. Различия в языке, религии, традициях, исторической памяти и социальных нормах могут становиться объектом политической мобилизации и общественных конфликтов. Дополнительным фактором выступает цифровая среда, в которой культурные стереотипы и конфликтные интерпретации способны распространяться значительно быстрее, чем в традиционных каналах коммуникации.

МЕТОДЫ ОЦЕНКИ ЦИФРОВОЙ ФИНАНСОВОЙ ГРАМОТНОСТИ И ИХ ИНТЕГРАЦИЯ В КОМПЛЕКСНУЮ МОДЕЛЬ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ

2026-10-26T02:14:46+00:00

В статье систематизированы подходы к оценке цифровой финансовой грамотности и сформированы шесть групп методов: стандартизованных обследований, психометрических шкал, композитных индексов и поведенческих данных, экспериментов, качественных и смешанных исследований, обзоров и библиометрического анализа. Цель исследования — определить возможности и ограничения этих подходов и обосновать их интеграцию в комплексную модель оценки. Применён аналитический обзор отобранных публикаций и методических документов. Разграничены знания, самооценка компетентности, наблюдаемое поведение и доступ к финансовым услугам. Показано, что исходная классификация объединяет инструменты измерения, источники данных и исследовательские дизайны, которые целесообразно рассматривать как взаимодополняющие уровни. Предложена модульная модель, включающая сопоставимое опросное ядро, объективные задания, оценку воспринимаемой компетентности и контекстные показатели. Обоснованы условия её адаптации для исследований в Казахстане. Модель носит концептуальный характер и требует эмпирической проверки.

МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПРЕДПОСЫЛКИ И ЭКОНОМЕТРИЧЕСКАЯ ДИАГНОСТИКА ОЦЕНКИ МУЛЬТИПЛИКАТИВНОГО ЭФФЕКТА НИОКР В СТРАНАХ СНГ

2026-10-26T03:40:33+00:00

В статье исследуются методологические предпосылки оценки мультипликативного эффекта расходов на исследования и разработки () на производительность труда. Эмпирический анализ проведен на панельных данных по пяти странам (Казахстан, Россия, Узбекистан, Азербайджан, Беларусь) за 2000–2024 гг. (120 преобразованных наблюдений). Выполнена комплексная диагностика свойств панельных данных. Расчет корреляций Пирсона и Спирмена, внутригрупповое преобразование (включение фиксированных эффектов стран и лет), проверка на мультиколлинеарность (VIF) и тестирование на стационарность (ADF-тест). Выявлена высокая чувствительность знака и величины коэффициентов корреляции к способу обработки панельной структуры. Сделан вывод о невозможности идентификации прямой причинно-следственной связи и калибровки денежного мультипликатора без перехода к специфическим методам пространственно-временного моделирования и разностным спецификациям.

PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP IN KAZAKHSTAN: INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE AND PROSPECTS

2026-10-27T11:06:43+00:00

Article examines public-private partnership as a tool for developing infrastructure and improving the quality of public services. International experience with public-private partnerships has been examined, drawing on examples from the United Kingdom, France, and China. The legal framework governing public-private partnerships in the Republic of Kazakhstan has been analyzed, alongside the dynamics of fixed capital investment for the 2023–2025 period. A SWOT analysis was conducted, identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the current system, as well as the opportunities and threats regarding its development. Key issues have been identified regarding the assessment of long-term budgetary commitments, risk allocation, the transparency of procedures, and the monitoring of agreement implementation. Based on this analysis, measures have been proposed to improve public-private partnership mechanisms, taking into account both international experience and national specifics. It is concluded that the further development of PPPs in Kazakhstan should be aimed at improving the efficiency of resource use, the quality of infrastructure, and the public significance of the projects being implemented

ALMA Band 8 деректері бойынша IRAS 07299-1651 массивті қосжұлдызды жүйесіндегі сутектің H25α рекомбинациялық сызығы

2026-10-25T13:51:49+00:00

Жұмыста түзілу сатысындағы IRAS 07299-1651 массивті қосжұлдызды жүйесінің ALMA обсерваториясының Band 8 диапазонындағы архивтік деректері талданды. Спектрлік кубтағы кең сызық сутектің H25α рекомбинациялық сызығы ретінде сәйкестендірілді; біздің білуімізше, бұл нысан үшін осы сызық бойынша нәтижелер бұрын жарияланбаған. Жүйенің негізгі құраушысы – A көзінің бағытында сызық профилі қос шыңды және бір Гаусс функциясымен сипатталмайды; екі құраушылы модель профильді едәуір жақсы сипаттайды, ал құраушылардың орта нүктесі басқа рекомбинациялық сызықтар бойынша анықталған A көзінің жылдамдығымен сәйкес келеді. Интегралдық интенсивтілік картасында ықшам көз байқалады; бақылаулардың ажыратымдылығы жүйенің A және B құраушыларын бөлуге жеткіліксіз. Сонымен қатар кубта екі сәйкестендірілмеген тар сызық табылды.

AIR-ENTRAINING AND ANTIFREEZE ADMIXTURES IN NORMAL-WEIGHT CONCRETE FOR SHARPLY CONTINENTAL CLIMATES: A REVIEW

2026-10-25T14:34:51+00:00

This paper reviews research on the effect of air-entraining and antifreeze admixtures on the frost resistance and physical-mechanical properties of normal-weight concrete. Fundamental studies, recent peer-reviewed experimental and review papers, and the standards in force in Kazakhstan were analysed. The review covers the mechanisms of frost damage (hydraulic pressure, osmotic pressure and the critical degree of saturation), the parameters of the entrained air-void system, the classification and limitations of antifreeze admixtures, and the available data on their combined use. Air entrainment is effective when the spacing factor does not exceed 0.20 mm, at the cost of roughly 5 % compressive strength loss per 1 % of entrained air; a recent meta-analysis found no correlation between the chemistry of the air-entraining agent and air-void parameters, which shifts the emphasis to construction practice. Antifreeze admixtures allow strength gain at temperatures down to −15…−25 °C, and chloride-free compositions are now preferred. In laboratory studies calcium nitrate (6 % by mass of cement) reduced the strength loss of fresh concrete after 28 freeze–thaw cycles from 72 % to 27.8 %. The available evidence on combined use is limited: chloride-free antifreeze admixtures were found compatible with air entrainment, but sodium salts alter the air-void structure in opposite directions depending on the salt. Four research gaps are identified, and an experimental programme is proposed for the sharply continental climate of Kazakhstan

A CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF A CRYPTOGRAPHIC PROTOCOL FOR SECURE PARAMETER EXCHANGE IN FEDERATED LEARNING BASED ON HOMOMORPHIC ENCRYPTION

2026-10-26T03:36:29+00:00

Federated learning enables multiple participants to jointly train a machine learning model without centrally transferring their original training data. However, transmitted parameters and gradients may disclose information about participants’ local data. Homomorphic encryption enables certain computations on encrypted values while preserving the confidentiality of the underlying data. Nevertheless, encryption alone does not specify how messages should be exchanged, validated, or handled when protocol rules are violated.
This paper aims to develop a conceptual model of a cryptographic protocol for secure parameter exchange in federated learning. The model defines system participants, a threat model, parameter states, transition rules, and an admissibility function for cryptographic operations. It also specifies the algorithmic sequence of parameter exchange, message verification, and conditions for accepting an aggregated result. The work presents a protocol design rather than a completed implementation or experimental evaluation.

Application of Molecular Biotechnology in Pharmacogenetics: Genetic Variants as Predictors of Drug Response

2026-10-25T10:29:22+00:00

Pharmacogenetics represents a pivotal integration of molecular biotechnology and clinical pharmacology, aiming to elucidate the genetic basis of interindividual variability in drug response. As the paradigm of medical treatment shifts from a generalized approach to precision medicine, understanding how genetic variants predict therapeutic efficacy and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) is paramount. This narrative literature review synthesizes the molecular and genetic foundations of pharmacogenetics, emphasizing the role of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), structural variations, and gene expression profiles in modulating pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic pathways. Central to this transition are advanced molecular biotechnology techniques, including real-time quantitative PCR, next-generation sequencing (NGS), microarray analysis, and emerging CRISPR-based functional screens, which have democratized genomic data acquisition. We comprehensively review major actionable gene-drug pairs, such as CYP2D6 (antidepressants, tamoxifen), CYP2C19 (clopidogrel), CYP2C9 and VKORC1 (warfarin), HLA-B variants (abacavir, carbamazepine), TPMT/NUDT15 (thiopurines), DPYD (fluoropyrimidines), and SLCO1B1 (statins), outlining their clinical translation via CPIC and DPWG guidelines. Despite profound scientific advancements, clinical implementation faces multifaceted challenges, including genetic diversity across underrepresented populations, interpreting rare variants, hybrid alleles in complex genomic loci, ethical considerations, and the cost-effectiveness of preemptive testing. Finally, we discuss the integration of high-throughput sequencing, artificial intelligence, and machine learning into clinical decision-support systems, projecting future perspectives for precision medicine. By leveraging sophisticated molecular biotechnologies, pharmacogenetics stands to significantly enhance therapeutic safety and efficacy, realizing the promise of individualized patient care.

АРПАНЫҢ САБАҚ ТАТ АУРУЫНА ТӨЗІМДІЛІГІН АНЫҚТАУДА МОРФОЛОГИЯЛЫҚ ЖӘНЕ ФИТОПАТОЛОГИЯЛЫҚ КӨРСЕТКІШТЕРДІҢ МАҢЫЗЫ

2026-10-25T10:51:00+00:00

Зерттеу жұмысында арпа (Hordeum vulgare L.) генотиптерінің сабақ тат ауруына (Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. secalis / tritici) төзімділігін айқындаудағы морфологиялық-анатомиялық белгілер мен фитопатологиялық көрсеткіштердің кешенді маңызы қарастырылған. Зерттеу Абай атындағы Қазақ ұлттық педагогикалық университетінің Биология кафедрасының зертханалық базасында және провокациялық инфекциялық фонда жүргізілді. Мақалада арпаның 10 сорты мен селекциялық желісінің (Арна, Сауле, Сырашы, Қарабалықты 150, Астана 2000, Ілек 16, Нұр, Ғасыр, Желі-102, Желі-204) эпидермис кутикуласының қалыңдығы, балауыз жабынының тығыздығы, устьицалар саны, паренхима қабырғасының склеренхиматоздану дәрежесі сияқты анатомиялық-морфологиялық параметрлері мен аурудың даму қарқындылығы (Cobb шкаласы), инфекция типі (Stakman шкаласы) және ауру дамуының интегралдық көрсеткіші (AUDPC) арасындағы байланыстар зерттелді. Корреляциялық талдау нәтижесінде сабақ эпидермисінің кутикула қалыңдығы (r = -0.84, p < 0.01) мен балауыз жабынының тығыздығы (r = -0.79, p < 0.01) сабақ татының өршуіне және AUDPC мәніне кері пропорционал күшті байланыста екендігі дәлелденді. Селекциялық тәжірибеге төзімділіктің экспресс-диагностикасы ретінде морфо-анатомиялық маркерлерді пайдалану бойынша ұсыныстар дайындалды.

Comparative Assessment of Zarrouk and BG-11 Media Effects on the Growth and Biomass Accumulation of Cyanobacterial Strains

2026-10-25T10:57:46+00:00

Cyanobacteria represent a highly versatile group of photosynthetic prokaryotes with substantial potential for bioenergy production, high-value nutraceuticals, bioactive pharmaceuticals, and sustainable agricultural biostimulants. However, industrial scalability remains constrained by the optimization of strain-specific nutritional regimes. This study presents an exhaustive comparative evaluation of two benchmark cultivation media—Zarrouk medium and BG-11 medium—on the growth kinetics, biomass productivity, and pigment accumulation of four morphologically and ecologically diverse cyanobacterial strains: Arthrospira platensis SAG 21.99, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, Anabaena cylindrical SAG 1403-1b, and Nostoc muscorum Kazakh-102.

Cultivation was performed over a 21-day photoautotrophic period under controlled laboratory conditions (28 \pm 1^\circ\text{C}, 65\,\mu\text{mol}\cdot\text{m}^{-2}\cdot\text{s}^{-1} photosynthetic photon flux density, 16:8 light-dark photoperiod, continuous aeration with 0.04\% \text{CO}_2). Growth dynamics were monitored via optical density (\text{OD}_{680} and \text{OD}_{750}), dry cell weight (DCW) gravimetry, specific growth rate (\mu), doubling time (dt), and volumetric biomass productivity (P_{\text{biomass}}). In addition, spectrophotometric profiling of photosynthetic pigments—chlorophyll-a, total carotenoids, and phycobiliproteins (phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, phycoerythrin)—was performed across distinct growth phases.

Empirical results demonstrated profound strain-dependent variations driven by media composition and ionic strength. Arthrospira platensis exhibited superior physiological performance in Zarrouk medium, achieving a peak DCW concentration of 3.84 \pm 0.12\,\text{g}\cdot\text{L}^{-1}, a maximum specific growth rate (\mu_{\max}) of 0.312 \pm 0.011\,\text{day}^{-1}, and a volumetric biomass productivity of 0.218 \pm 0.008\,\text{g}\cdot\text{L}^{-1}\cdot\text{day}^{-1}. Conversely, A. platensis cultured in BG-11 medium experienced severe osmotic shock and chlorosis, resulting in negligible biomass accumulation (0.42 \pm 0.03\,\text{g}\cdot\text{L}^{-1}). In contrast, unicellular Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and diazotrophic filamentous Anabaena cylindrical performed optimally in BG-11 medium, generating maximum DCW values of 1.96 \pm 0.07\,\text{g}\cdot\text{L}^{-1} (\mu_{\max} = 0.415 \pm 0.014\,\text{day}^{-1}) and 1.68 \pm 0.05\,\text{g}\cdot\text{L}^{-1} (\mu_{\max} = 0.288 \pm 0.009\,\text{day}^{-1}), respectively. When subjected to Zarrouk medium, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 showed reduced growth (\text{DCW} = 0.81 \pm 0.04\,\text{g}\cdot\text{L}^{-1}) due to hyperosmotic stress, whereas A. cylindrica underwent rapid filament fragmentation and cell lysis. Nostoc muscorum Kazakh-102 exhibited broad physiological tolerance, achieving moderate growth in both BG-11 (\text{DCW} = 1.54 \pm 0.06\,\text{g}\cdot\text{L}^{-1}) and Zarrouk (\text{DCW} = 1.12 \pm 0.04\,\text{g}\cdot\text{L}^{-1}) media. Pigment analyses confirmed that high bicarbonate buffer capacity in Zarrouk medium enhanced phycocyanin accumulation in A. platensis (142.6 \pm 4.2\,\text{mg}\cdot\text{g}^{-1}\text{ DCW}), whereas BG-11 supported higher chlorophyll-a and carotenoid levels in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. This study provides crucial empirical benchmarks for media selection, bioprocess design, and metabolic optimization in scalable cyanobacterial biotechnology.

UNUSUAL PATTERNS OF HUMAN GROWTH AND AGING

2026-10-25T14:11:16+00:00

Unusual patterns of human growth and aging challenge the assumption that chronological age, physical appearance, developmental stage, and biological aging move together in a uniform way. Some children develop features associated with old age unusually early; some individuals grow very little because of endocrine, genetic, nutritional, or systemic disease; and a small number of rare developmental conditions preserve an infant-like appearance or produce profound impairment of maturation. These phenomena are often described informally as “not aging,” “remaining a baby,” or “aging in reverse,” but these phrases can conceal important biological differences.

This review examines documented clinical patterns relevant to those descriptions: Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome, Werner syndrome, severe growth disorders, disorders of thyroid or growth-hormone signaling, and rare neurodevelopmental conditions involving profound developmental impairment. It also considers the distinction between visible appearance and underlying physiological aging. Case descriptions are presented as representative patterns from published literature, not as claims that a specific unidentified person has been diagnosed. No single case can establish a universal mechanism.

Large-Scale Genome Databases in Medicine: Resources, Applications, and Challenges

2026-10-25T14:16:28+00:00

The completed sequencing of the human genome in the first decade of the twenty-first century shifted the central problem of medical genetics from the acquisition of sequence to the interpretation of sequence. Interpretation requires scale: a single human genome contains roughly four to five million variants relative to the reference assembly, and distinguishing the few hundred that are medically actionable from the millions that are benign cannot be accomplished by reasoning from first principles. Large databases of human genomes, exomes, variant interpretations, tumour sequences, and linked clinical records have therefore become the operative infrastructure of genomic medicine, performing the same function for sequence data that randomized trials perform for therapeutics. This review describes the principal classes of large genomic databases used in clinical and translational medicine and evaluates their design, scale, data types, access models, and medical applications. Population reference databases, exemplified by the 1000 Genomes Project, the Exome Aggregation Consortium, the Genome Aggregation Database, and the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine programme, provide allele frequency and mutational constraint estimates that constitute the primary evidence for variant filtering. Clinical variant knowledge bases, including ClinVar, ClinGen, the Human Gene Mutation Database, OMIM, and locus-specific databases, aggregate curated interpretations and phenotype–gene relationships. Population biobanks with linked electronic health records, including UK Biobank, All of Us, FinnGen, the Million Veteran Program, BioBank Japan, the Estonian Biobank, the China Kadoorie Biobank, the Taiwan Biobank, and deCODE, enable genome-wide association, phenome-wide association, polygenic risk estimation, and pharmacogenomic discovery at a scale that supports clinical translation. Cancer genome resources, including The Cancer Genome Atlas, the International Cancer Genome Consortium, AACR Project GENIE, COSMIC, and cBioPortal, define the somatic mutational landscape that underpins molecular oncology. Functional genomic atlases such as GTEx, ENCODE, the Human Cell Atlas, and the Cancer Dependency Map supply the regulatory and cellular context in which non-coding variation acquires meaning. The review then examines the access and governance architectures that determine who can use these data, the clinical applications they currently support, and the structural limitations that constrain them, principally the profound ancestry bias of most databases, the unresolved problem of variants of uncertain significance, the variable quality of phenotype and variant annotation, and the ethical and economic fragility of long-term data stewardship. It concludes that the next phase of development must prioritize globally representative sampling, machine-readable and evidence-graded interpretation, and sustainable public funding of openly accessible reference resources.

Арпаның тас қаракүйе ауруына төзімділігін бағалаудың фитопатологиялық әдістері: қоздырғыштың биологиясы, патогенезі және өсімдіктің қорғаныш реакциялары

2026-10-26T02:29:21+00:00

Арпа туыстың құрамында түр бар, оның 12-сі Қазақстанда кездеседі. Гүл шоғыры күрделі масақ, масақ өсінің әр бір кертпегінде 3 бір гүлді масақша орналасады. Гүлдену барысында өздігінен тозаңданады, тек бір жағдай бар: құрғақ әрі ыстық жаз айының уақытында айқас тозаңдануы мүмкін. Қосқатар арпаның 3 масақшадан тұратын тобы бар, оның тек ортаңғысында ғана қосжынысты гүл және дән пайда болады, кәдімгі арпада барлық масақшалары гүлдеп дән байлайды. Арпа ерте пісетін дақылдың түрі болып табылады, дәндерінен сыра ашытылып арпа жарнасы дайындалады, мал азықтық маңызы да зор. Қаракүйе ауруларының ішінде тас қаракүйе дән түзілетін генеративтік мүшелерді тікелеей зақымдап, тұқымның фитосанитарлық жағдайына бірқатар қауіп төндіреді. Арпаның тас қаракүйесін Ustilago hordei қоздырады. Бұл ауруды Ustilago nuda тудыратын тозаңды қаракүйемен немесе Ustilago nigra туыдыратын қара күйемен шатастыруға болмайды. Олардың инфекциялық биологиясында және диагностикасында айырмашылықтар бар. Тас қаракүйе кезінде қоздырғыш өсімдікті негізінен өскін сатысында зақымдайды, ал айқын белгілері масақ қалыптасқанда байқалады.

Diabetic Retinopathy in Kazakhstan: The Role of Optical Coherence Tomography in Early Detection and Outpatient Care

2026-10-25T12:06:30+00:00

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus and an important cause of preventable visual impairment. A study analyzing national statistical data in Kazakhstan reported a 27% increase in the registered prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among adults between 2015 and 2018. These findings highlight the importance of improving the early detection and management of diabetic retinal changes. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that provides detailed cross-sectional images of retinal structures and plays an important role in the assessment of diabetic macular edema.
Objective: To explore the role of OCT in the early detection of diabetic retinal changes and discuss challenges associated with its accessibility and integration into outpatient healthcare in Kazakhstan.
Methods: A narrative review approach was used to examine the clinical role of OCT in the diagnosis of diabetic retinal changes, its advantages in ophthalmic practice, and organizational challenges related to its availability in outpatient healthcare settings. Particular attention was given to equipment accessibility and referral pathways for patients requiring specialized ophthalmic examination.
Discussion: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) complements standard ophthalmological examinations by providing detailed information about retinal structure and helping to detect changes such as macular edema and intraretinal fluid. Its use may support the assessment of diabetic macular edema and inform clinical decision-making.
However, the implementation of OCT in outpatient care may be limited by the high cost of equipment and disparities in access to diagnostic technologies. Not all outpatient clinics in Kazakhstan are equipped with stationary OCT devices, meaning that some patients may require referral to specialized ophthalmological centers.
This makes coordination between primary healthcare facilities and specialized services particularly important. Establishing clear referral pathways may facilitate timely access to retinal imaging and contribute to the early detection of diabetic retinal complications.
Effective communication between general practitioners, ophthalmologists, and patients is an important component of early detection and management of diabetic retinal complications. General practitioners play a key role in educating patients with diabetes about the importance of regular eye examinations, even in the absence of visual symptoms. Clear communication, patient-centered counseling, and effective collaboration between healthcare professionals may improve patient awareness, adherence to recommended examinations, and timely referral for OCT when clinically indicated.
Conclusion: OCT has considerable potential to improve the assessment of diabetic retinal changes in outpatient ophthalmic care. Effective coordination between general practitioners (GPs) and ophthalmologists is particularly important, as they serve as the first point of contact for patients and play a key role in the early detection of diabetic retinal complications. Strengthening collaboration between these healthcare professionals, improving referral pathways, and addressing equipment accessibility may support more timely diagnosis and better patient care. Further research in Kazakhstan is needed to evaluate OCT accessibility, referral practices, and the potential impact of OCT-based diagnostic approaches on the quality of outpatient care. In addition, strengthening communication skills among general practitioners and ophthalmologists may improve interdisciplinary collaboration, patient education, and adherence to recommended eye examinations. Integrating effective communication strategies into outpatient care may contribute to earlier detection of diabetic retinal complications and improved continuity of care.

THE IMPACT OF FATIGUE ON THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: A REVIEW OF CURRENT RESEARCH

2026-10-25T12:27:29+00:00

Relevance. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease of unknown etiology, characterized by chronic, progressive, erosive arthritis and involvement of various organs and systems.[1] The condition can lead to pain, joint stiffness, limited physical activity, and a reduced quality of life.[2] One of the most significant symptoms for patients is chronic fatigue, which may persist even when the inflammatory process is better controlled. This fatigue can restrict daily activities, social interactions, and work capacity. Therefore, assessing fatigue - alongside clinical disease activity - is essential for the comprehensive management of patients with RA.[3]

Objective. To summarize the findings of recent randomized controlled trials concerning fatigue and quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and to explore potential ways to improve these outcomes.

Materials and Methods. A review of five scientific publications was conducted. The studies examined the effects of physical exercise, aquatic interventions, anti-inflammatory dietary approaches, and cognitive-behavioral therapy, as well as the use of Korean red ginseng for rheumatic diseases. The study designs, outcome measures, and key findings were analyzed. Given that the assessment methods and metrics varied across the studies, a direct comparison of their results was not performed.

Results. A randomized study by Bilberg et al. (2025) involved 87 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The study investigated the impact of a 12-week program consisting of high-intensity interval training and strength exercises on fatigue and quality of life. Compared to the control group, participants in the program showed improvements in their overall physical condition, as well as increased physical activity and motivation. These differences persisted for up to 12 months of follow-up. Furthermore, the authors noted an improvement in the patients' overall quality-of-life scores, which highlights the benefits of individually tailored physical activity.[4]

In a study by Aktaş et al. (2025), 54 patients were divided into three groups: the first group received warm saline baths for their hands and feet, the second group received warm water baths, and the third group served as a control. After a six-week study period, the groups that underwent water-based treatments showed a reduction in overall pain, decreased fatigue, and an improvement in quality of life. Significant differences between the groups were also observed regarding fatigue and quality-of-life scores related to it.[5]

The ADIRA randomized crossover study, conducted by Turesson Wadell et al. (2021), evaluated the impact of an anti-inflammatory diet on 50 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Overall, no significant differences were found between the experimental and control groups regarding lifestyle factors, fatigue, or pain. However, specific analyses using the SF-36 scale indicated improvements in physical activity levels within the experimental group. Consequently, the findings suggest a need for further investigation through larger-scale studies to obtain reliable data and ensure accurate interpretation.[6]

Cho et al. (2024) examined the effects of Korean red ginseng on 120 patients with rheumatic diseases, including 43 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The study followed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. After 12 weeks, approximately 38.3% of participants in the group receiving ginseng showed improvement in fatigue-related scores on the FACIT-Fatigue scale, compared to 26.7% in the placebo group. However, no statistically significant differences were found between the two groups. Thus, the superiority of ginseng over a placebo in reducing fatigue has not been conclusively established.[7]

The RAFT study, conducted by Hewlett et al. (2019), examined the impact of group-based cognitive-behavioral programs developed by rheumatology specialists. Compared to a control group, participation in such a program helped reduce fatigue in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, with these positive changes persisting for up to two years. The study results indicate that, in addition to pharmacological treatment, psychological support and training in self-regulation strategies play an important role in managing the disease.[8]

Discussion. The studies reviewed indicate that fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis is a multifactorial issue requiring a comprehensive approach. Physical exercise and cognitive-behavioral programs have been shown to significantly reduce fatigue and improve quality of life. Conversely, research has not demonstrated clear efficacy for anti-inflammatory diets or specific dietary supplements. Variations in assessment methods and patient characteristics make it difficult to compare findings across studies. Furthermore, as not all the reviewed studies assessed quality of life as a primary outcome, the data should be interpreted with consideration for the specific objectives of each study.

Conclusion. The findings suggest that fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis is a distinct clinical issue. It leads to a decline in patients' physical and emotional activity and restricts their social engagement. The results of the reviewed studies support the inclusion of fatigue assessment as part of the comprehensive care for patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Further research, utilizing standardized fatigue assessment methods and long-term follow-up, is required to determine the most effective strategies for improving quality of life.

MODERN APPROACHES TO DEVELOPING CLINICAL AND COMMUNICATION COMPETENCIES IN HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS: THE ROLE OF SIMULATION-BASED AND COMPETENCY-BASED EDUCATION

2026-10-26T02:07:46+00:00

The quality and safety of healthcare are closely associated with the professional competence of physicians and other health professionals. Contemporary medical practice requires more than the acquisition of theoretical knowledge: graduates must be able to perform clinical procedures safely, reason through patient problems, communicate with patients and relatives, work in multidisciplinary teams, use evidence appropriately, and adapt to digital healthcare environments. This article examines modern educational approaches that can support the development of clinical and communication competencies in healthcare professionals. A narrative analysis and synthesis of scientific publications and international guidance in health professions education were undertaken. Particular attention was given to competency-based medical education, simulation-based training, standardized patients, deliberate practice, structured feedback, interprofessional education, and virtual learning. The literature indicates that competency-based simulation can improve procedural skill acquisition and that simulated-participant teaching can strengthen patient-centred communication. Recent studies also demonstrate the feasibility of virtual simulation-based mastery learning for communication competencies. At the same time, educational technologies are most effective when they are linked to clearly defined outcomes, repeated practice, appropriate assessment, and high-quality feedback. The article argues that communication should be treated as a clinical competency rather than as an optional interpersonal skill. Medical universities should therefore integrate clinical, communication, teamwork, and digital competencies throughout the curriculum. Such an integrated model can strengthen the transition from academic learning to professional practice and contribute to patient safety and quality of care.

Dietary Patterns and Colorectal Cancer Prevention: Current Evidence and Public Health Implications

2026-10-26T02:11:46+00:00

Objective: To synthesize evidence on dietary patterns and colorectal cancer incidence and discuss its public health implications.
Methods: A narrative review of 15 previously collected full-text documents compared systematic reviews, prospective studies, randomized controlled trials, and institutional reports.
Results: Higher overall diet quality, Mediterranean diets, and healthful plant-based diets were associated with lower incidence, although findings varied by sex, pattern definition, and study population. Proinflammatory and hyperinsulinemic dietary patterns were associated with higher risk, whereas a randomized trial of a low-fat dietary pattern found no significant preventive effect.
Conclusion: Current evidence supports improving overall diet quality by increasing whole grains and other fiber-rich foods, limiting processed meat, red meat, and alcohol, and improving access to healthy foods. The causal effects of specific patterns and the effectiveness of local implementation require further evaluation.

Development of evidence-based healthy eating recommendations as a tool for improving food literacy among the population

2026-10-26T02:32:37+00:00

Food literacy is regarded as an essential prerequisite for making informed food choices and consistently applying healthy eating principles in everyday life. The aim of this article is to substantiate methodological approaches to developing evidence-based nutrition recommendations aimed at improving the food literacy of the population. The study utilizes a comparative analysis of international guidelines, materials describing the situation in Kazakhstan, and publications on food literacy and educational activities. The analysis shows that informing people about recommended intake levels of individual dietary components is insufficient unless they also acquire skills in meal planning, interpreting food labels, selecting foods, and preparing food. A step-by-step framework for developing recommendations is proposed: defining the target audience, selecting an evidence-based framework, adapting the content to the cultural context, translating scientific evidence into practical actions, pilot testing educational materials, and evaluating the results. In Kazakhstan, particular attention should be paid to accessible examples from traditional diets and national food traditions. The proposed approach is conceptual, and its effectiveness requires subsequent empirical evaluation.

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS, SCREENING EFFECTIVENESS AND RESULTS OF EARLY DETECTION OF MALIGNANT TUMORS IN THE REGIONS OF KAZAKHSTAN AT THE PRIMARY HEALTH CARE LEVEL

2026-10-26T02:37:07+00:00

This scientific and analytical study examines the epidemiological patterns of cervical, breast, and colorectal cancer in the regions of the country, with particular emphasis on incidence and mortality rates and their regional variation. The study provides a comprehensive assessment of the current state of cancer screening and prevention, including the screening approaches used for the early detection of these malignancies in clinically asymptomatic populations. Particular attention is given to the organization and implementation of population-based screening programs, the target populations, screening intervals, diagnostic methods, and the subsequent management of individuals with abnormal screening results. The analysis also considers the role of screening in reducing the burden of malignant neoplasms through early detection and timely referral for further diagnostic evaluation and treatment. The study presents detailed, step-by-step algorithms for the organization and implementation of screening for cervical, breast, and colorectal cancer, outlining the principal stages from identification and invitation of eligible individuals to primary screening, additional diagnostic procedures, confirmation of the diagnosis, and appropriate follow-up. The diagnostic capabilities and practical significance of the screening methods currently applied are described, with particular emphasis on their potential for detecting precancerous conditions and early-stage malignancies before the onset of clinical symptoms. The findings highlight the importance of a systematic, evidence-based approach to cancer screening and demonstrate the potential of well-organized preventive programs to improve early detection, facilitate timely treatment, and ultimately contribute to reductions in cancer-related incidence and mortality.