Modeling and simulation of energy systems

Abstract

Modeling and simulation of energy systems have become essential tools in the planning, design, and operation of both renewable and conventional power systems. As the global energy landscape shifts toward sustainability and decentralization, system complexity increases, requiring sophisticated models to analyze performance, optimize configurations, and ensure reliable integration of variable energy sources. This paper presents an in-depth overview of key modeling techniques—including physical, data-driven, and hybrid approaches—and examines widely used simulation tools such as MATLAB/Simulink, HOMER Pro, and TRNSYS. A detailed case study on a hybrid PV-wind-battery system highlights how simulation enables optimal system design and economic evaluation. The paper also explores current challenges in model accuracy, real-time data integration, and interoperability, while identifying future trends such as digital twins, AI integration, and sector coupling. Through advanced simulation, energy systems can be made more efficient, resilient, and responsive to the demands of a modern, sustainable energy future.