Scientific Results

Sweden's Educational Reversal and the Neurocognitive Cost of Digitalised Childhood

2026-08-02T23:47:47+00:00

In 2023 the Swedish Government, supported by the Swedish National Agency for Education (Skolverket), announced an unprecedented redirection of public-school policy: hundreds of millions of kronor were allocated to restore printed textbooks as the primary pedagogical medium, a national mobile-phone restriction was enacted in primary and lower-secondary classrooms from 2026 onwards, and the prior "one-to-one digital" strategy was formally re-described as a partial failure. Sweden's reversal is not an isolated administrative gesture; it coincides with a measurable drop in reading literacy on the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) 2021 and a persistent downward drift on the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2022, and it echoes converging neuroscientific evidence that extensive screen exposure restructures children's developing brains at the molecular, cellular, and network level. This article reviews the Swedish policy reversal in its socio-political context and synthesises current evidence on how four major gadget categories — smartphones, tablets, laptops, e-readers, televisions, and dedicated gaming consoles — differentially alter reading comprehension, attentional control, sleep, mood, and structural neurobiology in children and adults. We map molecular mechanisms including dopaminergic reward de-sensitisation, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) suppression of synaptic plasticity, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation, and circadian melatonin suppression, and contrast their effects on the developing and the mature brain. The synthesis supports a graded risk hierarchy in which passive smartphone scrolling and high-tempo action gaming during sensitive windows of cortical maturation confer the largest documented cognitive cost, while static e-reader text and educational television carried under controlled conditions appear comparatively benign. By framing Sweden's "books and pens" decision as an evidence-consistent response to a measurable neurocognitive burden, this review contributes to the scientific basis for educational technology policy.

The Role of the „Middle Corridor“ Global Project in the Economic Development of Georgia

2026-08-02T20:20:48+00:00

Georgia’s geopolitical location determines the prospects for the country's economic development. In this context, it is imperative that the international "Middle Corridor" project be transformed into one of the key drivers of Georgia's economic development. As a result of global geoeconomic transformation, the Trans-Caspian International Transport Route has emerged as a major alternative to the "Northern Corridor."

This paper analyzes the challenges and strategic opportunities facing the Georgian economy through the country's involvement in this large-scale international project. Although the project offers Georgia a unique opportunity to attain the status of a regional logistics hub and attract foreign direct investment, this process unfolds against a backdrop of significant structural and institutional barriers.

The research subject of this paper encompasses crucial challenges such as geopolitical risks, infrastructural constraints, coordination and digital integration, economic inclusivity, and others. It is essential to examine how Georgia's transit function can be converted into sustainable economic growth. To achieve this, the country must not remain merely a "transit corridor," but must develop local high-value-added manufacturing and logistics services.

In the concluding section, concrete recommendations are formulated regarding the optimization of state policy, public-private partnership, and synchronized collaboration with international partners—all of which are required to maximize Georgia's economic benefits within the "Middle Corridor." The presented simulation mathematical model enables the forecasting of Georgia's economic growth within the framework of the "Middle Corridor" project

Insurance-Enabled Resilience in Global Manufacturing Supply Chains: A Qualitative Analysis of Political Risk Insurance Policy Documents

2026-08-02T20:56:50+00:00

The intensification of geopolitical tensions, the deepening of climate-related risks and the continuous restructuring of global supply chains after the COVID-19 epidemic have made the overseas supply chain risks faced by manufacturing enterprises increasingly complex. As a risk transfer and risk management tool, insurance has a significant impact on the resilience of overseas supply chains of manufacturing enterprises through mandatory and voluntary arrangements (Faure, 2006; Christopher & Peck，2004）。 Based on the theory of supply chain risk management (Ponomarov & Holcomb, 2009; Sahab & Oulfarsi, 2026) and international business theory, using qualitative literature analysis method (Bowen, 2009), taking the open access policy publication Investment Policy Monitoring 30: Political Risk Insurance of UNCTAD (UNCTAD, 2025) as the main analysis text, supplemented by peer-reviewed literature on supply chain resilience that can be retrieved through the open academic platform. This analysis clarifies the specific path of embedding political risk insurance and export credit insurance into the risk management system of overseas supply chain of manufacturing enterprises, and compares the different contributions of compulsory insurance arrangements and voluntary insurance arrangements. The analysis shows that: (1) export credit agencies are the main providers of political risk insurance, accounting for 78% of the total circulation in the past decade, while manufacturing projects account for 20% of all insured projects from 2019 to 2023, which is the highest among all industries (UNCTAD, 2025); (2) Insurance mechanism enhances the adaptability and resilience of supply chain through risk identification, risk mitigation and liquidity support (Pettit, Croxton and Fiksel, 2013; El Baz and Ruel, 2021). (3) In the high-risk market with significant information asymmetry and externalities, policy-based (quasi-compulsory) insurance arrangements bear disproportionate risks, while commercial (voluntary) arrangements provide enterprises with a more flexible and complementary risk management tool (Faure, 2006; UNCTAD, 2025). Finally, this study puts forward the management enlightenment to insurance companies, manufacturing enterprise managers and policy makers, and expounds the limitations of the study and the future research direction.

Экотекст в постмодернистской прозе А. Жаксылыкова

2026-08-02T18:35:07+00:00

В статье исследуются специфика и поэтика экотекста в контексте постмодернистской парадигмы на материале прозы казахстанского писателя Аслана Жаксылыкова. Рассматривается деконструкция традиционного пейзажного дискурса, анализируется лингвосемантическое наполнение водных образов (река, исток, родник), их мифопоэтическая и метатекстуальная природа. Особое внимание уделено интертекстуальным связям и коммуникативным стратегиям экотекста, а также возможностям его использования в образовательной практике для формирования экологического мышления

IDENTIFYING NOVICE PROGRAMMING MISCONCEPTIONS AND AI UNDERSTANDING GAPS AMONG KAZAKHSTANI 7TH-GRADERS

2026-08-03T00:17:44+00:00

This article presents a qualitative and quantitative analysis of typical syntactic, logical, and conceptual errors, as well as naive mental models of artificial intelligence among 7th-grade students (N = 24) who completed a 34-hour elective course "Python Artificial Intelligence Programming." Unlike summative evaluations of course effectiveness, this study focuses on the internal mechanisms of student difficulties during the transition from basic Python syntax to applied libraries (NumPy, Pandas, OpenCV, scikit-learn). Based on the analysis of 120+ saved digital code artifacts (Thonny IDE log files and GitHub Classroom), tests, and semi-structured interviews (n = 8), a systematic error classification was derived. It was established that the most frequent problems were array dimension mismatches (70.8%), confusion between return and output statements (return vs print, 54.2%), and input data types (37.5%). Regarding AI perception prior to the course, 79.2% of students demonstrated anthropomorphic misconceptions ("AI thinks like a human"), which shifted after the course to an understanding of AI as a mathematical model trained on datasets (in 91.7% of students). The findings form a foundation for adapting instructional materials and reducing cognitive load in K-12 IT education.

Monitoring of Natural Background Radiation in Uranium Mining Areas and Radiation Mapping

2026-08-02T18:01:47+00:00

Kazakhstan is currently the world's leading producer of natural uranium extracted by the in-situ recovery (ISR) method. According to the World Nuclear Association (WNA), Kazakhstan produced 21,225 tonnes of uranium in 2022, accounting for 45.14% of global uranium production. National Atomic Company Kazatomprom JSC, together with its subsidiaries, affiliated companies, and joint ventures, develops 26 uranium deposits across the Republic of Kazakhstan, organized into 14 mining assets. The objective of this study was to investigate the natural background radiation in uranium mining areas and to develop a radiation map of the study sites for the purpose of environmental and public protection.
The research focused on contaminated soil collected near production and injection wells, as well as ambient gamma dose rates measured within the territory of JV Inkai LLP (Suzak District, Turkistan Region, Kazakhstan). Gamma radiation measurements were performed using an MKS/SRP-08A dosimeter-radiometer, while the UMF-2000 alpha-beta radiometer was employed to determine the specific alpha activity of contaminated soil samples. Measurements were conducted at intervals of 3–4 days throughout the monitoring period. The MKS/SRP-08A dosimeter-radiometer is designed to detect gamma- and X-ray-emitting sources and to measure the ambient dose equivalent rate of gamma and X-ray radiation. The UMF-2000 alpha-beta radiometer is intended for measuring the total activity of alpha-emitting radionuclides in both thick and thin environmental samples. In addition, it enables the determination of alpha activity in counting samples obtained after selective radiochemical extraction, provided that the corresponding analytical procedures are available.

AI Readiness Assessment for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Kazakhstan: Methodology, Challenges and Future Perspectives

2026-08-02T20:37:22+00:00

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly recognized as a strategic driver of digital transformation, operational efficiency, and sustainable economic growth. Across the world, AI technologies are reshaping business models, improving decision-making, and increasing organizational competitiveness. In Kazakhstan, national digitalization initiatives have created favorable conditions for AI adoption; however, most small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) remain insufficiently prepared to implement AI effectively because of limited digital maturity and the absence of a structured readiness assessment framework.

Existing international AI readiness frameworks have primarily been developed for large organizations operating in technologically advanced economies. Consequently, they do not fully reflect the financial capacity, regulatory environment, and operational characteristics of Kazakhstan's SMEs. To address this gap, this paper proposes the AI Ready Kazakhstan methodology, a context-specific framework designed to evaluate organizational preparedness for AI adoption while considering technological, organizational, and legal factors relevant to Kazakhstan.

The proposed methodology consists of five interrelated dimensions: digital infrastructure readiness, data readiness, organizational readiness, human capital readiness, and legal readiness. Digital infrastructure assesses the availability of information systems, cloud technologies, cybersecurity mechanisms, and digital resources. Data readiness evaluates data quality, accessibility, governance, and consistency. Organizational readiness examines strategic commitment, innovation culture, and change management. Human capital readiness measures employees' AI competencies and digital skills, whereas legal readiness focuses on compliance with personal data protection, information security, intellectual property, and ethical AI principles.

The role of technological evolution and social dynamics in modern world

2026-08-02T23:56:45+00:00

Every aspect of our lives has been impacted by technology, the most important and rapidly evolving dynamic of our time. This technological revolution encompasses everything from the devices in our homes and smartphones to the software used in workplaces and the latest advancements in medical science. This transformation presents both new possibilities and new questions for humanity. In our view, one of the greatest advancements in human history has been the progress of technology. While the agricultural society industrialized during the Industrial Revolution, the information society was created during the Digital Revolution. In addition to libraries and encyclopedias, we can now access information at our fingertips. Every sector, including art, economics, health, and education, has undergone a profound transformation as a result of this change. Technological power, once exclusive to governments or large corporations, is now readily accessible to everyone. Technologies like cloud computing, AI-powered applications, and faster communication, unimaginable just a few years ago, have come together to make our lives more connected and efficient. E-commerce sites are fundamentally changing our purchasing habits, while social media platforms reinforce the idea that we live in a global village. People and societies must constantly adapt to this rapid change. While some traditional professions are changing or disappearing, a new generation of professionals is emerging. Throughout this process, technological literacy is transforming from a benefit to a fundamental necessity

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ГЕНЕРАТИВНОГО ИСКУССТВЕННОГО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТА ДЛЯ АВТОМАТИЗАЦИИ АНАЛИЗА СОБЫТИЙ ИНФОРМАЦИОННОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ В ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫХ СИСТЕМАХ

2026-08-10T17:51:29+00:00

Аннотация

Рост объема и семантической неоднородности телеметрии информационной безопасности формирует разрыв между скоростью регистрации событий и возможностью аналитика установить их причинную связь, критичность и требуемую реакцию. Генеративный искусственный интеллект способен преобразовывать журналы, оповещения, сведения об активах, уязвимостях и тактиках нарушителя в связное объяснение, однако вероятностная природа языковых моделей создает риск конфабуляций, подмены доказательств гипотезами, утечки конфиденциальной информации и выполнения ошибочных действий. Цель работы - разработать теоретически обоснованную архитектуру контролируемого применения генеративного искусственного интеллекта для автоматизации анализа событий информационной безопасности без передачи языковой модели функций первичной регистрации фактов и без неконтролируемого исполнения защитных действий. Методология объединяет структурированный сравнительный анализ, функциональную декомпозицию процесса SIEM/SOC, сопоставление результатов исследований языковых моделей для журналов и инцидентов, моделирование угроз и архитектурный синтез. Результатом стала семислойная модель доказательно контролируемого генеративного анализа событий информационной безопасности. В нее включены неизменяемый слой первичных свидетельств, нормализация и корреляция, доверенный контекст, генеративный синтез, верификация утверждений, риск-адаптивный шлюз решений и контур обратной связи. Новизна состоит в разделении факта, машинной интерпретации и управленческого решения посредством карточки доказательности, а также в сочетании двух независимых допусков - достаточности доказательств и допустимости операционного воздействия. Предложены четыре уровня автономии, при которых необратимые либо высокорисковые действия сохраняются за уполномоченным специалистом. Практическая значимость определяется возможностью встроить модель между SIEM, средствами контекстного обогащения и SOAR, повысив воспроизводимость триажа и аудируемость решений

Evaluation of Selected Early-Maturing Chinese Soybean (Glycine max L.) Varieties under the Conditions of Northern Kazakhstan

2026-08-03T00:08:24+00:00

The successful cultivation of soybean in Northern Kazakhstan requires early-maturing varieties capable of completing their growth cycle under the region's relatively short growing season. This study aimed to evaluate selected early-maturing soybean varieties of Chinese origin under the environmental conditions of Northern Kazakhstan and to identify promising genotypes for further cultivation and breeding. Field experiments were conducted during the 2023–2025 growing seasons at the experimental fields of the A.I. Barayev Research and Production Centre for Grain Farming. Six Chinese soybean varieties (Beidou 14, Beidou 36, Beidou 41, Beidou 53, Heihe 35 and Heike 59) were evaluated in comparison with the standard variety Ivushka. Agronomic traits, including plant height, grain yield and vegetation period, were assessed. Considerable variation among the studied varieties was observed. Beidou 14 and Heike 59 were characterized by vigorous plant growth. Higher grain productivity was recorded for Beidou 14 and Heike 59 under favorable environmental conditions. The obtained results indicate that several Chinese soybean varieties possess valuable agronomic characteristics and can be recommended as promising genetic resources for soybean breeding and cultivation in Northern Kazakhstan

AZERBAIJAN-UKRAINE RELATIONS

2026-08-02T20:41:22+00:00

The article examines the historical development stages of Azerbaijan-Ukraine relations, diplomatic relations formed during the period of independence, and the main directions of strategic partnership. The study shows that the relations between the two peoples have ancient historical roots, trade and cultural relations have been formed since the Middle Ages, and diplomatic contacts were established between the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the Ukrainian People's Republic at the beginning of the 20th century. Special attention is paid to the political relations established between Azerbaijan and Ukraine as independent states after 1991, the activities of diplomatic missions, and the importance of signed bilateral agreements. The article evaluates the mutual visits of heads of state, cooperation within the framework of GUAM, the UN, the OSCE, and other international organizations, mutual support for sovereignty and territorial integrity as the main principles of relations. In addition, the dynamics of the development of cooperation in the fields of energy, trade, transport, humanitarian, education, and culture, the activities of diaspora organizations, and the prospects for economic relations are analyzed. The impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on Azerbaijani-Ukrainian economic relations, changes in trade turnover and Azerbaijan's humanitarian support to Ukraine are also important aspects of the research. The results of the study show that Azerbaijani-Ukrainian relations are developing based on historical traditions, mutual trust, respect for the principles of international law and strategic partnership and are of significant political and geopolitical importance in terms of strengthening regional cooperation.

Impact of ozonized water on resveratrol and quercetin in red wine of Georgia (region Bolnisi)

2026-08-02T20:29:30+00:00

The effect of aqueous ozone on resveratrol and quercetin levels in red grapevines and wines of Saperavi and the indigenous Tavqveri from Georgia studied. Shown that ozonizing did indeed cause oxidative stress and enhance defense reactions with the formation of adding quantity of resveratrol. The content of resveratrol in wines from ozonated plot increased on 30 %. the distribution of resveratrol and quercetin across the vine is uneven, with the highest concentrations found in the leaves and skins of the berries.

Трансшекаралық өзендер дипломатиясы: Қазақстан және Қытай

2026-08-02T20:05:56+00:00

Мақалада Қазақстан мен Қытай арасындағы трансшекаралық өзендерді бірігіп пайдалану мәселесінің қазіргі жағдайы, келісімдік-құқықтық негізі және екі ел арасында осы өзендерге қатысты атқарылып жатқан жұмыстар мен проблемалық мәселелер қарастырылған. Зерттеуде траншекаралық өзендерге қатысты екі мемлекеттің ұстанымдары талданып, қазіргі кезде жүргізіліп жатқан келіссөздердің нәтижесі жан-жақты пайымдалған. Екі елдің арасында осы мәселеге қатысты атқарылып жатқан нақты жұмыстар легі ашып көрсетілген. Сонымен бірге екі мемлекет арасында ең ірі өзендерге қатысты келісім шарттардың осы уақытқа дейін жасалмай отырған себептері талданып, Қытайдың өзінің Шыңжаң-Ұйғыр ауданын дамытуға арналған Стратегиясын жүзеге асыруға байланысты келісімге келуді созып жібергені, Қазақстан жағы өз экономикасында өзен суларын үнемдеудің жаңартылған технологиясын шаруашылыққа енгізіп жатқандығы туралы пайымдаулар жасалған.

PROFESSIONAL FEMALE SOCIOLOGIST JANE ADDAMS (1860-1935), AND HULL HOUSE MUSEUM

2026-08-03T00:23:10+00:00

Jane Addams, and her associates acted in harmony with it, and the Hull House project was a powerful contributor to empirical research in sociology. There was strong resistance to women's academic success, and support for their particular marginalisation in the field of sociology, and the tendency to move their action into the field of social work. In that period, according to Knezevic, it was possible to talk about the existence of a male, and female Chicago school. The project of ecofeminism, as a direction based on the identification of women with nature, focuses on the critique of anthropocentrism in culture and the relation to women and nature. Jane Addams is a representative of the Chicago Sociological School of Thinking, which focuses on connecting urban urban planning, in which the level of social cohesion, and the relationship between the individual, and the society can be considered empirically, while the construction will be adapted to the needs of both sexes, for affirmation in personal, and public life. Within the most important, and prominent schools, the Chicago, and Frankfurt schools were also remake, and male sociologists.

Femina Academica, Female Professionals in Sociology

2026-08-03T00:30:06+00:00

Femina Academica as a concept, a research project idea, and book investigation theme is defined in 2016 (Spano), inside the Higher Educational Female Leadership position, precisely focused on towards female leadership inside Higher University positions. Femina Sociologica, Femina Ecologica, and Femina Xenologica( along with Femina Academica, constitute educative tetralogy, dedicated to investigational research practices of Feminine identity in the Contemporary. Spano explains the importance of Female leadership through the notion of basis in legal documents. “The UNESCO (1998) Declaration on Higher Education” includes a statement that Higher Education (HE) ‘should promote solidarity and equity’, and it also includes equality of access. Femina Academica, and Empowering of Women, in Higher Institutional Education, is complex, historically remarkable, and especially developed inside the contemporary professional female Sociology and, in American Sociology because of distinguished the Sociologists for Women in Society organisation, while in Europe, still we find less dominant female professional positions , and perplexities of selections of Females in Academia.

The State of Hand Microsurgery in the Republic of Kazakhstan

2026-08-02T18:25:28+00:00

Hand microsurgery, encompassing digit and limb replantation, revascularization, and microvascular reconstructive procedures, has developed into a specialized field within Kazakhstan's trauma and reconstructive surgery services, concentrated primarily in Almaty-based national centers with more limited regional distribution. This paper reviews the existing published literature describing the epidemiology of hand trauma and the practice of reconstructive hand microsurgery within the Republic of Kazakhstan, situating these findings against the substantially larger body of published experience from the United States, where digit replantation rates and provider volume have been extensively tracked at a national level. The review identifies a consistent gap: while individual Kazakhstani centers have published detailed single-center case series, no unified national registry or standardized outcome-reporting framework currently exists to track hand microsurgery volume, technique, or long-term functional outcomes across the country's treatment centers. To address this gap, the paper proposes a structured, retrospective, multi-center data-collection protocol, modeled on comparable national-level studies conducted in the United States, intended to generate the descriptive foundation for future prospective and registry-based research. This paper is conceptual and methodological; it does not report newly collected patient outcome data

Organic disease, as a general risk factor of criminal behavior

2026-08-02T20:47:45+00:00

The fact of connection between organic diseases and criminal behavior is the subject of investigation by psychologists, as the reasons of triggering aggressive feeling causing the criminal tendencies and behavior can serve as an valuable information for maintaining organic diseases especially in teenagers, as a risk factor for criminal behavior and rhus, choose an appropriate preventive psycho-correctional intervention. In this research we decided to compare two groups of aggressive teenagers, such as criminal minor and teenagers having diabetes mellitus.

It appeared that diabetes mellitus can in fact trigger an aggressive behavior, that can transform into a criminal one, in case of low level of socialized value orientations, thus confirming the idea of checking the medical data of teenagers in combination with their value orientation of and starting early psycho-correctional intervention to prevent future criminal behavior.

АМБУЛАТОРНАЯ ДИАГНОСТИКА И ВЕДЕНИЕ ПАЦИЕНТОВ С АЛЛЕРГИЧЕСКИМ РИНИТОМ НА УРОВНЕ ПЕРВИЧНОЙ МЕДИКО-САНИТАРНОЙ ПОМОЩИ

2026-08-02T20:59:53+00:00

Аллергический ринит (АР) занимает одно из ведущих мест среди хронических заболеваний верхних дыхательных путей, затрагивая от 10 до 40% взрослого и детского населения во всем мире. Несмотря на кажущуюся простоту симптоматики, АР нередко остается нераспознанным или неправильно классифицированным на уровне первичной медико-санитарной помощи (ПМСП), где он маскируется под острые респираторные вирусные инфекции, вазомоторный или хронический ринит. Цель настоящего обзора - систематизировать актуальные данные о диагностике и ведении АР в амбулаторных условиях с акцентом на практику первичного звена. Поиск литературы проводился в базах PubMed, Scopus и Web of Science за период 2021-2026 годов. В обзор включены 10 источников, соответствующих критериям: наличие DOI, связь с амбулаторной диагностикой, первичной помощью, клиническим ведением или цифровым мониторингом АР. Анализ литературы показал, что разрыв между актуальными рекомендациями и реальной практикой врачей ПМСП сохраняется: недостаточная осведомленность об алгоритмах диагностики, недооценка тяжести симптомов и несвоевременное направление к аллергологу остаются ключевыми проблемами. Перспективным инструментом для улучшения контроля АР в амбулаторных условиях является внедрение электронных дневников симптомов и образовательных моделей с участием фармацевтов

COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS: MECHANISMS OF ACTION, CLINICAL UTILITY, ADVERSE EFFECTS, TOXICITY MANAGEMENT, PHARMACOGENOMICS, PRECISION MEDICINE, PHARMACOVIGILANCE, THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING, EVIDENCE-BASED CLINICAL PRACTICE AND EMERGING

2026-08-02T21:05:01+00:00

Antipsychotic agents remain the cornerstone of pharmacological management for schizophrenia spectrum disorders and are increasingly utilized in bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, autism spectrum disorder-associated irritability, Tourette syndrome, delirium, dementia-related behavioral disturbances, and several off-label neuropsychiatric conditions. Over the past seven decades, substantial advances in psychopharmacology, molecular neuroscience, pharmacogenomics, and precision medicine have transformed the understanding of antipsychotic drug mechanisms, therapeutic applications, safety profiles, and individualized treatment strategies. Despite remarkable progress, antipsychotic therapy continues to present considerable clinical challenges, including treatment resistance, variable therapeutic response, metabolic complications, extrapyramidal symptoms, cardiovascular toxicity, neuroendocrine disturbances, cognitive impairment, and medication non-adherence. Consequently, optimizing antipsychotic therapy requires an integrated evidence-based approach that combines neurobiological understanding, pharmacokinetic monitoring, pharmacogenomic-guided prescribing, pharmacovigilance, and patient-centered clinical decision-making. This comprehensive review critically evaluates the current scientific evidence regarding conventional (first-generation) and atypical (second- and third-generation) antipsychotic medications, emphasizing their molecular pharmacology, receptor-binding characteristics, intracellular signaling pathways, neurochemical modulation, and mechanisms underlying therapeutic efficacy and adverse reactions. Particular attention is devoted to dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acetylcholine, histamine, adrenergic, and neuroinflammatory pathways that collectively contribute to psychosis pathophysiology and antipsychotic pharmacodynamics. The review further examines the expanding role of partial dopamine agonists, multimodal receptor modulators, long-acting injectable formulations, and novel investigational compounds designed to improve efficacy while minimizing toxicity. Clinical applications across schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, psychotic depression, treatment-resistant psychosis, pediatric psychiatry, geriatric psychiatry, and consultation-liaison psychiatry are comprehensively discussed. Comparative analyses of efficacy, relapse prevention, functional recovery, cognitive outcomes, quality of life, and long-term disease management are integrated with recommendations from contemporary international clinical practice guidelines. The review also explores individualized therapeutic selection according to patient-specific characteristics, psychiatric comorbidities, medical illnesses, age-related considerations, pregnancy, hepatic and renal dysfunction, and polypharmacy. A substantial focus is placed on adverse drug reactions and toxicity management, including extrapyramidal syndromes, tardive dyskinesia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hyperprolactinemia, QT interval prolongation, myocarditis, agranulocytosis, seizures, hepatic dysfunction, and anticholinergic toxicity. Current evidence regarding early recognition, prevention strategies, emergency management, supportive care, therapeutic drug monitoring, laboratory surveillance, and multidisciplinary interventions is critically synthesized. Special consideration is given to clozapine monitoring protocols, individualized dose optimization, drug-drug interactions mediated through cytochrome P450 enzymes, and strategies for minimizing preventable medication-related harm. The review additionally highlights emerging advances in pharmacogenomics, biomarker-guided therapy, artificial intelligence-assisted clinical decision support, digital psychiatry, real-world pharmacovigilance systems, population pharmacokinetic modeling, machine learning prediction of treatment response, and precision psychiatry. Genetic polymorphisms involving CYP2D6, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, CYP2C19, dopamine receptor genes, serotonin receptor genes, and transporter proteins are examined as potential determinants of efficacy, adverse events, and individualized dosing strategies. Furthermore, recent developments in therapeutic drug monitoring, pharmacometric modeling, personalized medicine, and translational neuroscience are evaluated for their potential to optimize treatment outcomes and reduce healthcare burden. The contemporary antipsychotic pharmacotherapy is evolving toward highly individualized, evidence-based, and precision-oriented clinical practice. Integration of neuropharmacology, pharmacogenomics, pharmacovigilance, therapeutic drug monitoring, and innovative therapeutic technologies provides unprecedented opportunities to enhance efficacy, improve long-term safety, reduce treatment-related morbidity, and promote functional recovery among individuals with severe mental illness. Continued multidisciplinary research, international collaboration, biomarker validation, and implementation of personalized treatment algorithms will be essential for advancing the next generation of antipsychotic therapeutics and improving global psychiatric care.

MANAGING VACCINATION ADHERENCE AT THE PRIMARY HEALTH CARE LEVEL: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY IN A SINGLE HEALTH FACILITY

2026-08-02T23:05:16+00:00

The article assesses the level of vaccination adherence among adults registered with a primary health care (PHC) facility and identifies the local factors that shape it. A single-stage descriptive survey was conducted at BCMO LLP in Balkhash, Kazakhstan (n = 100). Of the respondents, 78% considered vaccination necessary and 84% acknowledged its preventive role, whereas only 72% regarded vaccines as safe. Trust in health workers reached 81%, yet 67% reported an unmet need for additional information. The two gaps identified at the facility level define the content of the communication and management measures proposed

BREAST CANCER: CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS AND CURRENT TRENDS

2026-08-03T00:03:36+00:00

This scientific and analytical work presents modern global and local-regional data on incidence, mortality, lethality and five-year survival of the most common oncological pathology, such as breast cancer. The issues of etiology and pathogenesis, features of distribution, modern principles of diagnostics, including screening, as well as prognosis, preventive measures of this formidable disease are covered in detail. The epidemiological characteristics of this pathology in our republic are given in the context of the regions of the country

THE IMPORTANCE OF ACADEMIC RESEARCH AND THE ROLE OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES IN POST-COMMUNIST SOCIETY

2026-08-03T00:13:32+00:00

In the era of contemporary globalization and socio-political transformations, the role and significance of academic research are growing exponentially. Particularly for post-communist societies that have broken free from the influence of former Soviet ideology and chosen their own path, the issues of religion and belief have transformed into a complex and sensitive domain.

The state atheism policy of the Soviet era restricted religious consciousness and hindered the formation of scientific religious studies. In the post-independence period, however, the spiritual renewal of society and the revival of religious consciousness posed new tasks for academic religious studies. This article comprehensively examines the fundamental importance of academic research, the developmental features of religious studies in the post-communist space, and its benefits and impact on social processes.