Bacterial meningitis

Abstract

Bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening infection of the central nervous system characterized by rapid onset and high morbidity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of its pathophysiology, focusing on how pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis penetrate the subarachnoid space, evade immune defenses, and induce a severe inflammatory response. This cascade results in increased intracranial pressure, cerebral edema, vasculitis and subsequent neuronal injury and ischemia.Special attention is given to bacterial meningitis in newborns, outlining transmission mechanisms including vertical and nosocomial routes, along with the heightened risk of long-term neurological complications.The review also incorporates epidemiological data from Kazakhstan, highlighting regional patterns in incidence and mortality.