Digital Transformation and SME Development in Kazakhstan: Evidence, Constraints, and Policy Priorities

Abstract

This article examines the digital transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Kazakhstan using official statistics and traceable institutional sources. The analysis distinguishes observed outcomes from survey findings and forecasts. Official statistics show that SMEs accounted for 40.9 per cent of GDP in 2025, while Mastercard’s 2025 survey reported widespread adoption of digital payments. E-commerce and IT-service exports also expanded, but these aggregate gains do not establish that all firms possess advanced digital capabilities. The article argues that Kazakhstan has developed strong digital foundations, while skills, finance, rural connectivity and the effective use of business data remain important constraints. Policy recommendations focus on targeted training, interoperable public infrastructure, responsible data use and differentiated support for micro and rural enterprises.