World Scientific Reports

Spatial Technology for Management of Multidimensional Worlds

Peter Simon Sapaty — Sun, 30 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This paper will investigate potential applicability of the developed high-level Spatial Grasp Model and Technology (SGT) with its basic Spatial Grasp Language (SGL) to express and manage complex systems of very different physical, virtual and mental dimensions as a whole. It briefs main SGT issues, SGL interpreter organization, and the capability to work with any distributed spaces and systems. Then describes basics of the multidimensional management project, currently in development, with its general issues and extended spatial interpretation. The paper introduces basic multidimensional operations which allow for flexible and unrestricted movement inside, through, and between dimensions and provide solutions of any problems in their unity and integrity. It exhibits a multidimensional world example as a large and complex network of nodes in different dimensions and different types of inter-node links, within the same or between different dimensions, explains different operations with nodes and then describes multidimensional spatial moves while collecting the passed links-nodes sequences. Also describes composition and multidimensional matching of different type patterns, including sequential, parallel and combined ones, with the large distributed network. All multidimensional examples in the paper are presented in the modified SGL which can often provide spatial solutions clearer and more compact than by other models and languages. The paper results can represent the basis for a new spatial methodology and technology oriented on advanced investigation and management of complex multidimensional systems of any natures

Биология сабақтарында ерекше білім беру қажеттіліктері бар оқушыларды оқытуда цифрлық технологияларды қолдану әдістемесі

Жаханова Асем, Маусумбаева А.М — Sun, 30 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Мақалада инклюзивті білім беру жағдайында биология пәнін оқытудың теориялық және әдістемелік ерекшеліктері қарастырылған. Ерекше білім беру қажеттіліктері (ЕББҚ) бар оқушылардың танымдық белсенділігін арттыру мақсатында цифрлық технологияларды, визуалды модельдер мен интерактивті құралдарды қолдану жолдары ұсынылған.

БИОЛОГИЯ ПӘНІН ОҚЫТУДА АКТ-НЫ ИНТЕГРАЦИЯЛАУДЫҢ ӘДІСТЕМЕЛІК НЕГІЗДЕРІ

Жайсанбек Нұрсұлу Болысбекқызы, Токпанов Еркин Аипович — Sun, 30 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Бұл мақалада биология пәнін оқыту үдерісіне ақпараттық-коммуникациялық технологияларды (АКТ) интеграциялаудың әдістемелік негіздері қарастырылады. Қазіргі білім беру жүргісіндегі цифрландыру үрдісіне сәйкес, биологиялық үдерістерді модельдеу, виртуалды зертханаларды қолдану және интерактивті мультимедиялық ресурстардың тиімділігіне талдау жасалады. Зерттеу барысында АКТ-ны сабақтың әртүрлі кезеңдерінде пайдаланудың оқушылардың танымдық белсенділігін арттырудағы рөлі айқындалады. Автор биология пәнінің ерекшеліктеріне (микроәлемді көру, генетикалық есептер, физиологиялық процестер) негізделген әдістемелік тәсілдерді ұсынады. Мақаланың қорытындысы ретінде АКТ-ны жүйелі қолдану білім сапасын арттырып қана қоймай, болашақ мамандардың цифрлық құзыреттілігін қалыптастыруға мүмкіндік беретіні негізделген.

СОСТОЯНИЕ БЕНТОФАУНЫ ШАРДАРИНСКОГО ВОДОХРАНИЛИЩА В УСЛОВИЯХ НЕСТАБИЛЬНОГО ГИДРОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО РЕЖИМА

М.А.ЕСЕНОВ, Н.С.САМБАЕВ, М.Т.КАЛЫМБЕТОВА, А.А САРИЕВА, Б.М.ОМАР — Sun, 30 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Представлены результаты исследований донных беспозвоночных Шардаринского водохранилища в весенне-осенний периоды 2025 года.В донной фауне определено 19 таксонов, среди них 13 таксонов личинок хирономид, 3 вида ракообразных, а также по 1 таксону черви олигохеты, личинки мух-береговушек и бабочницы.Основу количественных показателей макрозообентоса составили личинки хирономид. Показатель биомассы кормового зообентоса Шардаринского водохранилища в 2025 г. в сезонном аспекте снижен от «умеренного» до «очень низкого» класса кормности

КІШІ АРАЛ ТЕҢІЗІНДЕГІ ТЫРАН БАЛЫҒЫ ПОПУЛЯЦИЯСЫНЫҢ ҚАЗІРГІ ЖАЙ КҮЙІ

САРИЕВА АКЕРКЕ АБИЛХАНОВНА — Sun, 30 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Мақалада Кіші Арал теңізіндегі кәсіпшілік маңызы жоғары тыран балығының (Abramis brama, Linnaeus, 1758) биологиялық ерекшеліктері мен популяциялық құрылымы қарастырылған. Теңіз суы тұздылығының төмендеуі балықтардың мекендеу ареалының ұлғаюына оң әсерін тигізгені анықталды. 2020–2025 жылдар аралығындағы көпжылдық зерттеу деректері негізінде тыранның ұзындық-салмақ көрсеткіштеріне, жастық құрамына және өсу динамикасына кешенді талдау жүргізілді. Зерттеу нәтижелері популяциядағы биологиялық параметрлердің құбылмалылығын сипаттап, Кіші Арал теңізіндегі тыран қорының қазіргі жай-күйін бағалауға мүмкіндік берді.

Developing Adolescents’ Learning Motivation in the Context of Modern Education

Ramazanova Kamala — Sun, 30 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The pedagogical and psychological analysis of adolescents’ learning motivation demonstrates that motivation during this period is a complex and dynamic process shaped by individual psychological characteristics, social relationships, and the learning environment. During adolescence, identity formation, the search for personal identity, emotional changes, the development of self-regulation skills, and the increasing influence of peers may lead to changes in attitudes toward learning. These factors play an important role in determining adolescents’ interest in learning, goal orientation, and level of participation in educational activities.

During this period, meeting adolescents’ needs for competence, autonomy, and social relatedness is particularly important for strengthening intrinsic motivation. When students believe in their abilities, are able to make independent decisions, and feel valued in the learning process, they are more likely to participate actively in educational activities. At the same time, defining meaningful and realistic learning goals and taking students’ interests and needs into account can contribute to maintaining their motivation.

Pedagogical factors also play an important role in the development of adolescents’ learning motivation. Teachers’ attitudes toward students, communication styles, teaching methods, assessment approaches, and the psychological climate created in the classroom directly influence students’ engagement in learning. Supportive teacher behavior, a collaborative learning environment, differentiated instruction, and growth-oriented assessment strengthen students’ self-confidence and interest in learning. In contrast, excessive criticism, assessment based solely on outcomes, and failure to consider individual characteristics may lead to decreased motivation.

Increasing activities that are meaningful and interesting to students, using problem-based and project-based tasks, and creating opportunities for independent thinking and creative activities support adolescents’ active participation in lessons. In addition, strengthening cooperation among parents, teachers, and school psychologists enables motivation-related difficulties to be identified in a timely manner and appropriate support mechanisms to be implemented. Consequently, the sustainable development of adolescents’ learning motivation requires not only individual psychological characteristics but also pedagogical approaches and the social environment to be considered comprehensively. Creating a purposeful, student-centered, and psychologically supportive learning environment makes an important contribution to improving adolescents’ academic engagement, self-regulation skills, and learning outcomes.

BEYOND BRAIN DIFFERENCES: SOCIAL EXPERIENCES, ADAPTATION, AND PSYCHOSOCIAL WELL-BEING AMONG LEFT-HANDED INDIVIDUALS

Telzhan V.S. — Sun, 30 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Left-handedness has traditionally been examined primarily through neuropsychological, developmental, and cognitive perspectives, whereas its social experience and adaptation to predominantly right-handed environments have received comparatively limited attention. This integrative literature review examines left-handedness through a person–environment perspective, focusing on the relationship between social experience, environmental demands, adaptation, and psychosocial well-being. Literature from psychology, neuroscience, education, ergonomics, sociology, and related fields was synthesised thematically to identify patterns in how left-handed individuals experience and negotiate family, educational, occupational, and everyday environments. Three interconnected themes emerged. First, the practical and psychosocial significance of left-handedness is strongly context-dependent: environmental organisation, cultural expectations, and interpersonal responses influence whether minority hand preference becomes socially consequential. Second, adaptation should not be treated as a unitary process. The synthesis distinguishes functional adaptation, characterised by relatively high individual agency and behavioural flexibility, from socially imposed hand modification aimed at conformity with right-handed norms. It further differentiates individual compensation from environmental accommodation as two pathways for reducing person–environment mismatch. Third, the reviewed evidence does not support a deterministic association between left-handedness and poorer cognitive or psychosocial functioning. Instead, environmental fit, social acceptance, autonomy, normative pressure, and opportunities for adaptation appear to constitute more meaningful explanatory factors. The review proposes an integrative person–environment model in which left-handedness represents an individual characteristic, social and material environments constitute the context of its expression, and adaptation mediates the relationship between environmental demands and psychosocial outcomes. This perspective shifts attention from correcting individual difference toward understanding and, where appropriate, modifying the environments in which that difference becomes consequential

ПРОЕКТ РЕКОГНОСЦИРУВАЛЬНОГО ОБСТЕЖЕННЯ ТЕРИТОРІЇ УКРАЇНИ МОБІЛЬНИМИ ПРЯМОШУКОВИМИ МЕТОДАМИ З МЕТОЮ ВИЯВЛЕННЯ БЛОКІВ ДЛЯ ПОШУКІВ ВУГЛЕВОДНІВ, ВОДНЮ, РУДНИХ КОРИСНИХ КОПАЛИН ТА ВОДИ

Якимчук М.А., Корчагін І.М., Соловйов В.Д. — Sun, 30 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Представлено проект рекогносцирувального обстеження території України з метою виявлення перспективних блоків та ділянок для проведення детальних пошукових робіт на нафту, газ та природний водень. Підготовлений проект може бути оперативно реалізований з використанням мобільної прямопошукової технології, яка включає модифіковані методи частотно-резонансної обробки та декодування супутникових знімків та фотознімків, вертикальне електрорезонансне зондування розрізу, а також методику інтегральної оцінки перспектив нафтогазоносності великих пошукових блоків і ліцензійних ділянок. Для практичної реалізації проекту супутниковий знімок території України розбито на 180 окремих блоків (фрагментів), частотно-резонансну обробку яких доцільно проводити окремо. При обробці фрагментів знімків пропонується виконувати наступний комплекс вимірювальних процедур: а) фіксація відгуків на частотах нафти, конденсату і газу; б) реєстрація сигналів на частотах метаноокислювальних бактерій; в) встановлення наявності на глибині 57 км вулканічної структури, в якій є умови для синтезу вуглеводнів; додаткова фіксація відгуків нафти, конденсату і газу на цій глибині; г) фіксація сигналів на частотах нафти, конденсату і газу з нижньої частини розрізу на глибинах 5, 10, 15 км з метою оцінки перспектив виявлення нафти і газу в глибинних горизонтах розрізу. Перелічені процедури інструментальних вимірювань повною мірою показали свою ефективність та інформативність у процесі апробації прямопошукових методів на ділянках (майданчиках) буріння пошукових свердловин на суші та шельфі в різних регіонах земної кулі. У процесі проведення експериментальних робіт отримано численні докази на користь глибинного (абіогенного) генезису вуглеводнів в рамках концепції водневої дегазації Землі. Апробована технологія дозволяє наповнювати досліджуваний розріз конкретними породами (осадовими, метаморфічними та магматичними), а також виділяти на поверхні ділянки та інтервали в розрізі, перспективні для пошуків рудних і горючих корисних копалин. Супер-мобільні методи доцільно використовувати для оцінки перспектив нафтогазоносності (рудоносності) великих пошукових блоків і локальних ділянок (у тому числі виставлених на аукціони), вибору оптимальних місць (майданчиків) для закладки розвідувальних і експлуатаційних свердловин, оцінки перспектив виявлення покладів нафти і газу в глибинних і надглибинних горизонтах розрізу, пошуків і локалізації зон розміщення глибинних каналів міграції хімічних елементів, флюїдів і мінеральної речовини у верхні горизонти розрізу. Застосування мобільної та малозатратної технології дозволить значно прискорити геологорозвідувальний процес на нафту, газ та природний водень, а також зменшити фінансові витрати на його реалізацію

Causes of Language Change

Tamar Tsulaia — Sun, 30 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The presented study addresses one of the fundamental issues in linguistics — language change, its causes, and the theoretical models proposed by various scholars. The paper discusses both internal structural factors and external sociocultural and economic factors that influence language transformation or its complete replacement.

The study notes that language change is a long-term and hardly noticeable process. It also emphasizes that the primary condition for language shift and development is social bilingualism, which manifests itself in the process of intergenerational transmission.

The paper concludes that, despite the existence of numerous theoretical models, it is impossible to determine in advance exactly which combination of factors will cause language change or preservation. However, in most cases, the decisive role is played by the sociopolitical and economic environment.

Linguistic Challenges in Intercultural Communication

Medea Imnadze — Sun, 30 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Intercultural, or so-called intercultural communication involves direct communication between representatives of different cultures. It is well known how diverse the cultural backgrounds of crew members can be. They differ in cultural values, national traditions, clothing, behavior, diet, living environment, views, etc.
Even in this area, maritime communication is a peculiar phenomenon. Because of international crews, it has been quite a considerable amount of time since, according to the International Maritime Convention, seafarers had a common language, English. Moreover, English is an essential part of educational programs for training maritime personnel of any specialization; seafarers have to pass an English language exam several times.
The above situation does not deny the intercultural nature of maritime communication ; official-business relations may be monolingual, but they are based on different cultural cognitive bases of communicants; therefore, they have all the characteristic features of intercultural communication. Moreover, we should not forget that the English language certificate obtained in different countries is proof that the sailor has passed the appropriate language level test; however, speaking practice still involves many “underlying” and invisible problems, including:
1) inaccuracies and misunderstandings caused by phonetic nuances;
2) lack of speech practice;
3) very different “variants” of the English language;
4) lack of knowledge of cultural background information, etc.
Particular importance should be attached to the final point when the ship's crew, upon entering a foreign port, has to communicate with representatives of that port's service (the port master, customs officers, the pilot). Maritime literature documents numerous cases in which failures in professional communication are attributed to linguo-ethnic barriers.

USE OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE IN PRECLINICAL PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH: NEW APPROACHES TO MODELING AND REDUCING EXPERIMENTAL BURDEN

Khaiitova Malika — Sun, 30 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Currently, the role of modern digital technologies in preclinical pharmacological research has increased. Software for molecular modeling, including docking, molecular dynamics, and QSAR analysis tools, is reviewed, enabling early virtual screening and selection of promising compounds. Particular attention is paid to programs for predicting pharmacokinetics and toxicity, which provide assessment of ADMET profiles and improve the accuracy of experimental planning. The importance of digital predictions for optimizing dose selection prior to studies in animal models is emphasized, thereby contributing to risk reduction and a decrease in experimental burden. Existing challenges in integrating digital platforms into laboratory practice are noted, including the need for algorithm validation, infrastructure adaptation, and researcher training.

THE SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE ON PHARMACOLOGY, MECHANISMS OF ACTION, PHARMACOLOGICAL SAFETY, SIDE EFFECTS, AND TOXICITY OF ANTICANCER MEDICATIONS IN MODERN ONCOLOGY: PHARMACOVIGILANCE AND INTEGRATED APPROACHES TO EVIDENCE-BASED PHARMACOTHERAPY, PHARMACOGENOMIC

Sun, 30 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Cancer pharmacotherapy represents one of the most rapidly evolving domains of contemporary clinical medicine, reflecting the progressive transition from broadly cytotoxic treatment strategies toward molecularly targeted, immunologically mediated, hormonally directed, cellular, and increasingly biomarker-guided therapeutic interventions. This transformation has expanded the therapeutic potential of oncology while simultaneously generating substantial pharmacological complexity concerning drug selection, mechanism-based treatment, dose optimization, treatment sequencing, drug–drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, cumulative toxicity, and individualized risk–benefit assessment. The present scientific discourse provides a comprehensive pharmacological examination of anticancer medications, integrating their classification, pharmacological properties, molecular and cellular mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic determinants, therapeutic efficacy, safety profiles, adverse effects, and clinically significant toxicities within the framework of modern oncology. Conventional cytotoxic agents, endocrine therapies, molecularly targeted small molecules, monoclonal antibodies, antibody–drug conjugates, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and other advanced systemic treatment modalities are considered as components of an increasingly heterogeneous pharmacotherapeutic landscape. Particular emphasis is placed on the mechanistic relationship between drug exposure, molecular targets, intracellular signaling pathways, cellular proliferation, apoptosis, DNA damage, angiogenesis, immune regulation, tumor microenvironment, therapeutic resistance, and clinical outcomes. The pharmacological safety of anticancer medications is examined as a multidimensional construct encompassing predictable dose-dependent toxicities, idiosyncratic adverse reactions, cumulative organ injury, delayed complications, immune-mediated toxicity, and clinically relevant interactions with concomitant therapies. Major toxicological manifestations, including hematological, gastrointestinal, hepatic, renal, cardiovascular, neurological, pulmonary, dermatological, endocrine, reproductive, and metabolic adverse effects, are considered in relation to their pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical severity, reversibility, and implications for continuation, modification, or discontinuation of treatment. Particular attention is directed toward the emerging spectrum of immune-related adverse events associated with modern immuno-oncology and toward the necessity of early recognition, systematic monitoring, multidisciplinary management, and appropriate pharmacotherapeutic intervention. Pharmacovigilance constitutes a central component of this integrated framework because the safety profile of anticancer medicines continues to evolve throughout clinical development, regulatory evaluation, routine clinical use, and post-marketing surveillance. Contemporary pharmacovigilance incorporates spontaneous adverse-event reporting, active surveillance, signal detection, disproportionality analysis, causality assessment, risk characterization, medication-error identification, real-world evidence, and continuous benefit–risk evaluation. These approaches facilitate the identification of uncommon, delayed, population-specific, or previously unrecognized safety signals and contribute to evidence-based risk minimization. The integration of pharmacovigilance with clinical pharmacology is therefore essential for transforming individual adverse-event observations into clinically actionable knowledge and for strengthening medication safety throughout the cancer treatment continuum. Pharmacogenomics and precision medicine further provide important scientific foundations for understanding interindividual variability in drug disposition, pharmacodynamic response, therapeutic efficacy, and susceptibility to toxicity. Genetic variation in drug-metabolizing enzymes, transporters, receptors, immune pathways, DNA-repair mechanisms, and other pharmacological determinants may substantially influence exposure and treatment outcomes for selected anticancer agents. Accordingly, incorporation of validated pharmacogenomic biomarkers, tumor molecular profiling, genomic alterations, patient-specific characteristics, comorbidities, organ function, concomitant medications, and previous treatment history can support more rational therapeutic selection and individualized risk stratification. Precision oncology consequently extends beyond tumor classification alone by incorporating both tumor-specific molecular determinants and host-specific pharmacological characteristics into therapeutic decision-making. Therapeutic drug monitoring represents an additional clinical pharmacology strategy for selected anticancer medicines in which measurable systemic exposure is associated with therapeutic response, toxicity, or clinically meaningful pharmacokinetic variability. Integration of drug-concentration measurements with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling may facilitate individualized dose adjustment, particularly in patients with altered organ function, significant drug interactions, unusual pharmacokinetic profiles, or a narrow therapeutic window. Although therapeutic drug monitoring is not universally applicable to all anticancer agents, its selective implementation may strengthen exposure-guided pharmacotherapy and complement conventional clinical and laboratory monitoring. The overarching objective of this integrated approach is to establish a coherent evidence-based framework connecting pharmacological classification, molecular mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacogenomics, therapeutic drug monitoring, pharmacovigilance, precision medicine, and clinical decision-making. Such integration may improve the identification of optimal therapeutic regimens, reduce preventable medication-related harm, preserve treatment intensity when clinically appropriate, enhance adherence and quality of life, and facilitate earlier recognition and management of toxicity. Ultimately, contemporary anticancer pharmacotherapy should be understood as a dynamic, individualized, and continuously monitored process in which therapeutic efficacy cannot be separated from pharmacological safety. The systematic integration of mechanistic pharmacology with real-world safety surveillance, molecular diagnostics, pharmacogenomic evidence, exposure assessment, and multidisciplinary clinical judgment provides a scientifically rigorous foundation for optimizing the benefit–risk balance of anticancer medications and advancing evidence-based precision oncology.

FANFICTION AS AN INNOVATIVE PEDAGOGICAL RESOURCE: GENRE FEATURES, DIDACTIC POTENTIAL, AND CRITERIA FOR EDUCATIONAL USE

Azhgereyeva T.A, Nurzhanova Z.D, Abilkaiyr B.G, Khamzin A.K — Sun, 30 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines fanfiction as an emerging pedagogical resource in foreign language education, analyzing its genre-specific characteristics, didactic potential, and practical criteria for classroom implementation. It argues that fanfiction represents a transformative writing practice that bridges informal language learning environments with formal educational settings, fostering learner motivation, creative expression, and communicative competence. Drawing upon recent theoretical and empirical research from 2023 onwards, the analysis highlights fanfiction's capacity to develop linguistic accuracy, narrative skills, and intercultural awareness through participatory, authentic writing tasks. The conclusion reached is that effective integration of fanfiction into language pedagogy requires a principled framework balancing creative freedom with structured learning outcomes, ensuring that this innovative resource contributes meaningfully to the development of advanced writing proficiency

Təfəkkür keyfiyyətlərinin inkişafına dair

Elnarə Şahbazzadə — Sun, 30 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Kiçik məktəbli yaş dövründən fərqli olaraq yeniyetməlik yaşı dövrü əsasən erkən gənclik yaş dövrünü əhatə edir və onunla fərqlənir ki, o faktiki olaraq özündə uşaqlıqdan yetkin yaşa keçid dövrünü ehtiva edir. Yeniyetməlik yaş dövrünün psixoloji mexanizmlərinə nəzər saldıqda görürük ki, bu dövr şagirdin özünüdərketməsinin, dünyagörüşünün formalaşmasının, peşə seçmək və gələcək həyata hazırlaşmasının əsasını təşkil edir və bioloji, psixoloji, psixoseksual və sosioloji amillərin təsiri altında inkişaf edib formalaşır. Yeniyetməlik dövründə təfəkkür keyfiyyətlərinin psixoloji əsasları keyfiyyət dəyişikliklərinə məruz qalır. Nəticədə, yeniyetmələr fikirlərini daha aydın, məntiqi və tənqidi şəkildə formalaşdırmağa başlayırlar. Bu proses həm şəxsi, həm də sosial baxımdan uğur qazanmaqda mühüm rol oynayır. Yeniyetməlik dövründə təlim fəaliyyəti həm məzmun, həm də forma cəhətdən yeni xüsusiyyətlərə malik olur, daha ciddi və dərkolunmuş xarakter daşıyır. Burada ilk öncə yeniyetmələrdə təfəkkür və onun əsas anlayışlarının təzahür xüsusiyyətlərinin psixoloji təsvirinə qısaca nəzər salaq. İnsan nəinki ətraf aləmi qavrayır, eyni zamanda onu başa düşməyə, anlamağa da çalışır. Anlamaq predmet və anlayışların mahiyyətinə varmaq,onlarda mövcud olan ən əsas şeyləri dərk etməkdir. Bu yaş dövründə idrak prosesləri yeni keyfiyyətlər kəsb edir, xüsusilə də təfəkkür əsaslı surətdə dəyişib inkişaf edir, çünki böyük məktəb və ya erkən gənclik yaşıəqli qabiliyyətlərin inkişafının mühüm mərhələsidir. Bu nöqteyi-nəzərdən onların təfəkküründə əsaslı yüksəliş baş verir [3].

ASSESSING THE LEVEL OF INDEPENDENCE OF LEARNERS WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES IN WORK-RELATED INSTRUCTION

Martina Magová, Barbora Kováčová — Sun, 30 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The paper focuses on assessing the level of independence of learners with intellectual disabilities during work-related instruction. The aim of the study was to identify the level of independence in performing selected work-related activities and to compare it according to the type of activity performed. The study was conducted using participatory observation in two special primary schools and included 12 seventh-grade learners educated according to Variant A. The learners' level of independence was assessed using a structured observation sheet comprising 15 indicators covering individual aspects of the work process, from preparing the workplace to completing the work activity. Observation was conducted across three types of work-related activities: working with paper, clay processing, and food preparation in the school training kitchen. The collected data were analysed using descriptive statistical procedures, and differences among the three independent groups were assessed using the Kruskal–Wallis test. Descriptive results showed the highest mean level of independence for working with paper (M = 3.97), followed by clay processing (M = 3.80) and food preparation in the school training kitchen (M = 3.68). However, the differences among the groups were not statistically significant, H(2) = 1.473; p = 0.479, and the effect size was negligible (ε² ≈ 0.00). The findings highlight the importance of systematically monitoring and developing independence in work-related instruction, which may contribute to gradually reducing the need for external support and promoting the functional independence of learners with intellectual disabilities.

WORK EDUCATION OF PUPILS WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF TEACHERS

Martina Magová, Kristián Krolčík — Sun, 30 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The paper focuses on the importance of work education in the education of pupils with intellectual disabilities from the perspective of teachers. The aim of the research was to identify and characterize teachers’ experiences with work education, with a focus on its educational and therapeutic significance, as well as the specific characteristics and needs of pupils. The research was conducted using a qualitative research design, with a semi-structured interview with eight participants as the main data collection method. The data obtained were processed using open coding and thematic analysis. The results highlighted the importance of work education in developing pupils’ practical competencies, independence, motivation, and self-confidence. At the same time, its potential to support emotional stability, coping with failure, and the development of frustration tolerance was identified. Work education can therefore be viewed as an important means of providing comprehensive support for the psychosocial development of pupils with intellectual disabilities.

INCLUSION OF INTELLECTUALLY GIFTED LEARNERS IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE EDUCATION IN SLOVAK PRIMARY SCHOOLS

Viera Rassu Nagy — Sun, 30 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study analyses the limitations of inclusive education for intellectually gifted learners with specific linguistic talent in Slovak primary schools. The findings reveal a significant discrepancy between legislative declarations and actual educational practice: giftedness is predominantly developed outside the school environment, while the school system is unable to respond flexibly to the specific educational needs of gifted learners. In most cases, individualised education programmes remain largely formal, while instructional differentiation is reduced to quantitative enrichment and an increase in the amount of learning material. At the same time, a rigid curriculum limits opportunities for vertical acceleration. A qualitative analysis of interviews with teachers (N = 8) also reveals a high risk of misdiagnosis, particularly when manifestations of cognitive frustration are incorrectly interpreted as symptoms of ADHD or autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The study highlights the need for a fundamental transformation of curricular flexibility, methodological support, and the integration of diagnostic processes with instructional practice in order to enable the effective development of the linguistic talent of intellectually gifted learners.

Contextualization and Scaffolding in Professional Vocabulary Development: Toward a Pedagogical Framework for Tertiary Language Education

Борисенко Олександра Анатоліївна — Sun, 30 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Structural change in higher professional education demands a rethink of specialized foreign language instruction in economics, marketing, and analytics, where graduates must navigate hybrid communicative spaces blending data reporting, marketing concepts, and macroeconomic frameworks. This paper examines the challenges of acquiring professional vocabulary, focusing on semantic drift: how polysemous terms (elasticity, conversion, yield, pipeline) shift meaning across domains.

Drawing on Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development, Bruner's scaffolding theory, and Halliday's Systemic Functional Linguistics, the study proposes an integrated linguo-pedagogical matrix mapping three levels of contextualization (micro-textual, meso-situational, macro-discursive) onto corresponding scaffolding types (hard, soft, procedural). The resulting three-tiered model shows how structured support reduces cognitive load, resolves interference between competing domain meanings, and guides learners toward independent, discourse-level mastery.