BIOPHYSICS OF CRYOGENIC PRESERVATION OF CELLS AND TISSUES: FROM BASIC PRINCIPLES TO MEDICAL APPLICATIONS

Abstract

Cryogenic preservation has completely transformed the field of biophysics by offering a way to prolong the lifespan of cells and tissues beyond conventional boundaries. This article delves into the principles behind cryopreservation methods, explaining how biophysical processes interact with reactions to extreme cold temperatures. Starting with an examination of agents and how they work, we explore the process of ice formation and its impact on cell structures. Additionally, we look at how vitrification can prevent ice-related damage and maintain cell integrity. Moving beyond the lab setting, we discuss how cryopreservation techniques are applied in fields such as organ transplants, regenerative medicine, and biobanking. Despite advancements, cryopreservation encounters obstacles like scalability issues, reproducibility concerns, and maintaining sample stability over time. By identifying limitations and exploring paths forward, this article intends to evaluate the potential of cryogenic conservation in advancing biomedical research and clinical therapies.