Formation of an educational and methodological system for creating an electronic data bank based on the cadastre of animals of the Trans-Ili Alatau

Abstract

Being represented by very diverse insects, this order is characterized mainly by

• with a piercing-sucking oral apparatus forming a proboscis,
• gradual transformation and
• the presence of wings in most cases (Fig. 1).

With rare exceptions, these insects have large compound eyes, antennae containing from 4 to 10 segments, and the segments themselves are often long, and two pairs of wings with relatively simple and reduced venation; there are no cerci on the abdomen. In many families, females have well-developed scabbards on the abdomen and a saw-shaped ovipositor of this type.  The name of the order — "half—wings" — is explained by the peculiarity of the structure of the front wings in many families (Fig. 8.49): the basal part of the wing, or corium, is rigid and thickened, and the apex (membrane) is thin and transparent. Corium is similar in texture to the rigid elytra, or elytra, of beetles; hence the name "half-wing", often applied to the semi—rigid - semi-soft type of wing. All but a very few Hemiptera species can be divided into two large groups. The first of these groups, the suborder Homoptera, is typically characterized by a completely transparent membrane of the forewings (wrinkled in some cases), a proboscis extending from the back of the head and a typical tentorium. In another group, in the suborder Heteroptera, the bases of the forewings are thickened, and the apical areas are membranous; the proboscis typically departs from the front of the head, the cheeks fuse behind the proboscis and form a throat, and the tentorium is absent in the head. In many respects, the genus Peloridium occupies an intermediate position between Homoptera and Heteroptera, it lacks a throat, which is characteristic of Homoptera, and its other features correspond to Heteroptera. Some authors place this genus as an aberrant group in the family Peloridiidae, others consider it as part of a special suborder - Coleorhyncha. Comparing these suborders with other related groups of insects, one can come to the most likely conclusion that the ancestral form of this order as a whole was a herbivorous insect, morphologically similar in general terms to some of the modern equidoptera (Homoptera), especially with small representatives of the family Cicadidae, characterized by rich wing venation and primitive saw-shaped ovipositor.